Success in Sales

Success in Sales (Willy Loman and Chris Gardner) â€Å"I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody† ~ Bill Cosby. Few needs of the person are greater than the need to be understood. To have a voice that is heard, respected and valued – to have an influence. Most of us believe that the key to influence is communication – getting your point across clearly and speaking persuasively.Initially the both characters -Willy Loman in â€Å"Death of the Salesman† and Chris Gardner in â€Å"Pursuit of Happiness† wanted to be understood and change their lives, so they can have influence on the world around them and became successful. But Willy Loman is hopelessly lost in his past. Chris Gardner lives today. He is not sure what tomorrow will bring but he knows that it`s up to him to change his future. His love for his little boy helps him survive and makes him stronger. Unlike Willy Loman Chris doesn`t predict his son`s f uture†¦but does what he can to make his son`s life brighter and happy.We can find some similarities between Willy Loman and Chris Gardner. They both work very hard to pursuit their dreams of a better life. Willy Loman drove many miles to try and sell things to maintain his family while Chris Gardner also would do anything to meet ends meet to help his family to survive. Willy Loman carried two heavy suit cases with him all the time, even though the business didn't go to well, his dedication to his family kept him going. Chris Gardner tried to do everything possible to sell his x-ray scanners so he could get the money to pay for apartment and family needs.Obviously Willy Loman loves his son Biff and wants him to have a successful life. It's quite sad that Willy favors one son over the other, but he still shows great fatherly love and care. He wants his son to succeed and become a big man, no matter what. Eventually after everything fails, Willy commits a suicide to get Biff mone y Oliver didn't give him. Chris also loves his little boy and endures many hardships to provide for him. He is trying to teach his son everything he knows, because he knows that the life might be rough for his son in future.Eventually Chris finds a new job opportunity so he can provide for his son. These both man have the same great desire to succeed in sales business. Willy Loman wasn't wrong, he had mental issues but appearance does play a big part in Salesman's life. Appearance is one of the major principles. His whole life Willy tried to please everyone, so he would be successful. But I think that eventually he became obsessed with his appearance†¦ Chris Gardner experienced minor success at the start of his carrier. But he never gave up, even in hard times; Chris took matters in his own hands and tried to sell remaining x-rays for money.Willy Loman and Chris Gardner may share some things in common, yet they are so magnificently different. They think differently, they have d ifferent values and motivations. Willy Loman`s story is a tragic story of the hopeful dream of one salesman that led to the damnation of an entire family. Willy is a man who is lost in the past and his mind is constantly tormented with the hopes and dreams he had years ago that have since fallen through. Chris Gardner lives his life today. His mind works hard to find ways to change his life for good. Chris doesn`t waste his time on talking about yesterday's achievements.Willy believes that all it takes to become successful is to be well liked. Chris Gardner does care about his appearance but prefers to practice good communication skills with everyone and knowledge of the business. Willy Loman had a dream that was not realistic; he also lied to his family. His pursuit of this dream led his entire family to live an illusion created by him – that they are better than everyone. In the end, he thought he had no choice but to kill him and try to make things better with insurance mo ney. Chris was always honest with himself and his family.For Gardner there were a lot of tense and hard moments to give up like losing an apartment and sleeping in a washroom with his son, but he kept his hard work and hopes to the very end†¦until he could say â€Å"this part of my life I call Happiness†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Trying to please everyone, to achieve success is not the key to sucess. You have to be yourself and judge situations in your life by your principles. People who try to be loved everyone eventually lose their principles and have no fundament to build upon. Appearance is a major factor of success in sales, you always have try to make a nice first impression.But appearance won't bring you success if you don't use intellect and be yourself. Willy Loman learned that the hard way which brought him into the grave; he tried to present himself as a successful, important and loyal man. Willy didn't know how to listen to others, and wanted the world to understand him. Chris Gardner worked very hard while staying true to himself and dedicated his son. Chris didn't present himself as someone he wasn't during interviews and tests, but he proved others that a man who can listen, and is trying to understand the world can be taught just about everything.

Analysis on settlement hierachy coursework

In my introduction of my investigation I made a hypothesis that said, â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy.† I predicted that Prestwood was a large village and Wendover was a small town, and I said that I would try and prove this by observing and comparing the two settlements with each other. Over the last four months I have investigated this hypothesis thoroughly and my results and data presentation have proved that my hypothesis was correct. I have collected this data in various different techniques, but my main technique was the questionnaire, which I carried out in both settlements. Some of which is primary information, like the questionnaire which I designed, the photographs which I took of particular services and characteristics in each settlement which I collected all myself; and some of it is secondary information like the data which I collected from the Aylesbury reference library. My data helps show that the two settlements that I carried out my investigation in, Prestwood and Wendover are placed in some sort of order in the settlement hierarchy. Prestwood is the smaller settlement of the two with a population of 7124 people, and Wendover being the larger settlement of the two having a population of 8612 people; I collected this data form the Aylesbury reference library. Also in Wendover there is a wider range of places where the people have visited from in Wendover, whereas in Prestwood the majority of people visited from within the settlement and so I sketched out a land use survey of the services and whether or not they were high or low. After examining and comparing each of the settlement diagrams I realized that there is higher amount of high order services in Wendover than Prestwood which symbolizes another characteristic of a town. Whilst collecting my data for my questionnaire I had to write down the services available and whether they were low or high services. I found out that Wendover has a larger amount of services available than Prestwood and so more people would visit the settlement due to the wider range of services. I carried out a traffic survey also and I found out that Wendover has a higher average of vehicles passed per minute in a busy part of the settlement than Prestwood. 1. What are the populations of the two settlements? To investigate about this question I researched and collected information from the Aylesbury reference library. During my visit there I found out the population of each settlement. I discovered that the population of people living in Prestwood is 7124 people. I also found that Wendover has a population of 8612 people. Due to the fact that I found out that Wendover has a larger population of people than Wendover it gives us the impression that it is a larger settlement also and more likely to be stated as being a town than a village. This makes my theory and prediction correct, when I stated that the larger settlement would have a larger population. 2. What services are available in each settlement? (Low/High) The settlement of Wendover contains of a large number of low, medium and high order services, with a total number of 10 low order, 21 medium order and 10 high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation there were a number of 10 low and medium order services and 8 high order services. The settlement of Prestwood contains mostly medium order services with some low order and one or two high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation in Prestwood there were a number of 10 low and medium orders services and 6 high order services. These facts agree with my theory and prediction of; the settlement with the larger population would have a larger number of high order services and the smaller settlement would have a larger percentage of low and medium order services. I think that this is true due to the fact that if there are more people living in the settlement there will correspondingly have a range of low, medium and high order services. 3. How far do people travel to visit Prestwood and Wendover for their services? (High/Low) During my investigation I carried out a questionnaire to find out information about this question. In the settlement of Wendover people travelled from distant surroundings like the outskirts of Aylesbury and Princes Risborough. Whereas in the settlement of Prestwood I found out that there are only very few people whom visit the services actually outside Prestwood, let alone travelling a long distance to use the services. I also discovered whilst carrying out my questionnaire in Wendover that most people whom have visited from a distance used the high order services, while on the contrary the settlement of Prestwood most people visited to use the low order services. These statistics give me the impression that people are only willing to travel a long distance to use the high order services rather than in Prestwood most people have travelled from within the village or the outskirts of it. Due to the fact that there are more high order services available in Wendover may be the reason in why there is a higher amount of people using the services, and why more people have travelled to Wendover from a distance than Prestwood. From my questionnaire research I found that the general maximum people travel to visit Prestwood is the settlement of Gt. Kingshill, which is only 3 minutes away from the services. I have not included the person whom visited from Aylesbury or Hughenden or the person whom was passing through, due to the number for each was so little. In extent, the maximum length people travel to use the services of Wendover was the settlements of Gt. Missenden and Prestwood, which is roughly 7 miles. 4. Do the number of services available reflect the population of each settlement? In Wendover the number of services does reflect the population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a small town, being smaller than the large town and bigger than a large village. This is corresponding in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services, as there are more services, with a higher order than the small village but a smaller amount of services than the large town. In Prestwood the number of services does also reflect population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a large village, being smaller than a small town but larger than a small village. This also corresponds in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services within the settlement. These statistics prove my prediction to be accurate due to the fact that I stated that the larger settlement, the higher the number of services available and the smaller the settlement the lower the number of services available. 5. How many vehicles pass in a certain place of each settlement? In the certain area of which I carried out my traffic survey in Wendover there seemed to be an awful lot more vehicles passing than in the area in Prestwood. I encountered that the average number of vehicles passed in Wendover was 22.467, which is a reasonable high amount. The average number of vehicles in Prestwood was 15.867. These statistics symbolizes the difference of traffic between a town and a village. The larger the settlement the more cars travelling throughout. In my opinion this is due to the population of Wendover being more then Prestwood being higher and so accordingly there should be a higher amount of cars travelling about. The data I gathered follows the theories I introduced in my introduction precisely, this states about the Settlement Hierarchy. All the settlements followed the settlement hierarchy. This theory states that the smaller the settlement and population the less frequency and quality of the services. Therefore the small towns, with small populations, have very few services and the ones that it does are of low quality. Oppositely the large settlements, with large populations, will have more services which are of better quality. I can see this trend of data in my results and data presentation. Prestwood has a smaller population so pursuing my theory it should have fewer services which are mostly of high and low order services, and from my data I can see that is true. Wendover is a larger settlement and has a larger population so, in agreement with my theory, it should have more services, which are of a high order. During the time in which I carried out my questionnaire in Prestwood I asked a man where he had travelled from to use the service he had used, and he replied that he was from Newport in Wales and had come down to visit some of his family. Due to this being very unusual answer I counted his data as an anomaly and did not include it in my results table or in any of my graphs. This interpretation does not relate to my knowledge of the area and that is one of the reasons in which I have not included this in my data. Another is that it does not agree and correspond with my theory and is a one-off occurrence during my investigation. As I have stated before, the settlement of Wendover would obviously be placed above Prestwood in the settlement hierarchy. But if I were asked to place them appropriately on the settlement hierarchy this is where I would. As you can see above I have placed the two settlements appropriately; Wendover is plotted beside the small town section and Prestwood at the top of the village section which is symbolizing that its is not quite a small town but a large village. In conclusion, during the time that I have carried out my investigation on whether â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy† I have discovered many factors in thorough detail. I have found out that the settlement of Wendover and the settlement of Prestwood do in fact demonstrate in some order the settlement hierarchy. From my own knowledge, experiments and techniques I have made an opinion of my own that Prestwood is a large village and Wendover is a small town. I have discovered through secondary information from the Aylesbury reference library that the settlement of Prestwood has a population of 7124 people, and Wendover, the larger settlement of the two has a population of 8612 people. I have also established that the two settlements of Wendover and Prestwood also demonstrate the order of services hierarchy due to finding out that the larger population the larger the number of high order services and the smaller the settlement the larger percentage of low and medium order services. The larger the population the higher the number of services within and so there is a higher majority of people visiting from far distances. The higher the number of services in the settlement the larger the population and the larger the settlement the busier the roads and the higher amount of vehicles passing.

Moral Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral Life - Essay Example It speaks of three things, moral standards, moral responsibility and moral identity. (Design. Morality 2013) When we claim that we want to lead a moral life, it means that we want to lead a life which embodies our own moral commitments. When the person has a good conscience which is socialized by human contact, then the person automatically starts leading a good moral life. A moral person would always do the right thing for the reason without thinking of any laws or commandments. It is true that laws and commandments enforce morality on people making them lead a forced moral life, for instance, if the law forbids killing and a person still wants to do that despite knowing its wrong, then that person is not moral by being. More importantly, these laws and commandments are at times not even same in all parts of the world. Having said that, in a few countries of the world there are not enough laws related to all the wrong activities, so considering that if morality and moral life is red uced to just laws and commandments, then the people living in those countries where they are not enough laws will less likely be able to lead a moral life. Morality of a person should always come from within; it depends on the conscience of a person. If a person’s conscience doesn’t find killing or stealing a wrong deed then that person’s conscience is formed poorly and hence his moral judgments wouldn’t be trustworthy either. A good conscience also plays a major role in leading a moral life. Morality has an impact on our daily decisions and these decisions are directed by our conscience. We shall figure out from where this conscience really originates from. Some people think that conscience is just a matter of our hearts and that the concepts of right and wrong are programmed in each of us The general ability of knowing what is right and wrong including the concrete judgments that humans make regarding what should or should not be done is all represented by conscience. To follow or depart from reason and the divine law are the decisions which moral choices confront us with; so a good conscience is what make makes judgments confirming to the reason. It is rightly said then that, a good conscience requires a lifelong formation as once it is developed properly, there is no way the person with good conscience will not lead a good moral life based on personal decisions. A moral life which will inspire others and they would follow the same path too. All said and done, a moral person would always do the right thing for the reason without thinking of any laws or commandments. A moral character would neither act out of fear nor hope for any reward. So many people who are bind to follow the law are not leading a moral life but they are just ‘pretending’ to be moral because a moral person is ‘moral’ in being not in behavior. So personal feelings seem to play a bigger role and have a greater impact in the attempt to l ead a moral life than laws and commandments. As only when a person feels from within about the god and the bad then only can that person strive to lead a better life, a moral life without any forced rules enforced on him. This is how we can lead a moral life based on our personal decisions, by imagining the right way of conducting our lives; by caring for others when they are in trouble in a way which makes us feel that we are doing well in this world. The first step to seek a good moral life is to develop a good

Campaigns and Money in American Government Essay

Campaigns and Money in American Government - Essay Example It will also provide a competitive political environment by providing a level ground for the candidates. There would be no landslide wins for the incumbents or the famous that are able to hold fundraisers (Breslwo et al, 2000). More public funding would also ensure that the influence of private contributors on the candidate or those in office is reduced. Replacing private funding with public funding would channel concerns of the general public and not a few. Last, the costs incurred during campaigns would be controlled, preventing overspending, as those funded by the public have to adhere to set limits. (Ansolabehere et al, 2000) The two challenges that face public funding the continuous presence of influence by the wealthy and the high costs of running for elections. Money is defined as speech by the court and these means that one can spend as they wish without interference from the government or anyone else and if this is done then there must be solid justification. However, accountability is required when it comes to spending resources on campaigns and these can be achieved if the government requires that each candidate provide a budget. An appropriate figure is then decided on the amount to spend based on underlying factors such as the seat one is contesting. This would increase

Group dynamics and working in teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group dynamics and working in teams - Essay Example Next, Tuckman requires that each group member must act in a manner that will ensure achievement of group goals or objectives (King, 2013). Specifically, the Tuckman theory of group dynamics focuses on five phases (Connell, 2009). Bruce Tuckman coined the term in his honor. Tuckman emphasized that five phases must be procedurally implemented in order to generated quality group output. The first Tuckman phase is forming. The phase indicates each team member tries to be accepted in the team. The members start forming the team. Team formation includes determining the functions or responsibilities of each team member (Forsyth, 2009). In the current home care working group, the team leader explains in detail the responsibilities of each team member. Each team member focuses on understanding the assigned tasks. The group members exchange pleasantries in order to get to know each other better. Consequently, the group members discuss their educational attainments, work experiences and other ice breaker topics (Clements, 2008). Further, the second Tuckman phase is storming. The phase requires tolerance among the team emphasized. Tolerance is required in order to diffuse any conflicts among the team members. As each member tries to impose one’s ideology or concept on the other team members, conflicts often arise. Tolerance means meeting halfway. There is a give and take of concepts or ideologies. Failure to tolerate the other group members’ persistent requirements or preferences may trigger a disintegration or dismemberment of the group (Schweighofer, 2011). In the current home care working group, each team member is encouraged to discuss one’s responsibilities. There is a no holds barred policy implemented. The three shift nurses discuss the required daily healthcare procedures, in terms of alleviating the hypertensive elderly patient’s well-being. Consequently, the three home care workers and

Compare and contrast literature about the Mini Nutritional Assessment Essay

Compare and contrast literature about the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool and critically evaluate the clinimetrics of this method - Essay Example Hence, through this tool, the risk of elderly patients for malnutrition can be quickly and effectively assessed. Harris et al (2007) in an observational study compares sensitivity, specificity, and the predictive positive and negative values of the screening measures in the elderly who leaves in a sheltered accommodation. These are: body mass index, mid – arm circumference, albumin, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, cholesterol, and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). In this study, the gold standard used to establish malnutrition risk was the assessment of a dietitian. Harris et al (2007) noted that out of 100 recruited people (31 male and 69 female having an average age of 79.3 year), ten of which categorized by the assessment of dietitian were at risk for malnutrition. The most sensitive and specific measure of screening, with 100% and 98% respectively, was the MUST score. The aforementioned has a specific predictive value of 1. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of other values were the following: MNA 80% and 90%, mid-arm circumference 70% and 99%, BMI 60% and 90%, albumin 30% and 77%, hemoglobin 50% and 61%, lymphocyte count 20% and 86%, low cholesterol 30% and 90%. From this study, Harris et al (2007) concluded that in a sheltered housing, ten percent of the elderly were at risk for malnutrition. They further concluded that the most sensitive and specific method for further nutritional assessment identification is the MUST screening tool. In contrast of the aforementioned study, Kulnik and Elmadfa (2008) in their nutritional assessment of elderly nursing home residents in Vienna made use of MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment) and NuRAS (Nutritional Risk Assessment Scale) tools to assess the general nutritional and health status of the residents. During the seven consecutive day study, the intake of energy and nutrients of the individual were

Rhabdomyolysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rhabdomyolysis - Research Paper Example sed to or he/she may be experiencing low fitness levels and the moment he/she is introduced to intense physical exercises the condition sets in (Carter et al., 2005). The human body is made up of three different types of muscles namely; heart muscles which are very delicate and critical for the survival of human beings, skeletal muscles and finally the smooth muscles. The skeletal muscles are the ones that are responsible for a general movement of the body since they are tasked of anchoring the skeleton at the joints thus facilitating movement. Mainly these are the type of muscles that are prone to infection of Rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis is a common condition among the people and is observed to be a major cause of renal acute failure (Hunter et al., 2006). Rhabdomyolysis is more of a lifestyle disease that a chronic medical condition thus it is caused by a number of causes many which are related to the manner in which people live their lives. Some of the most notable causes of Rhabdomyolysis are elaborated as follows. Muscle trauma or crush injuries are the premier cause of this condition, and it is responsible for over forty percent of the reported cases of Rhabdomyolysis. When people are involved in accidents that cause severe injuries in the muscles they will often result in the muscles rupturing and the end result will be the muscle contents being discharged into the bloodstream thus causing Rhabdomyolysis (Eberhard, 2000). Severe burns are yet another cause of this condition which takes place the same way muscles trauma unfolds. When one is subjected to intense burning like that of people being lynched or when a building is on fire the body is going to be mutilated due to the intense heat that will be coming from the fire and as a result most of the body tissues will be destroyed hence causing other complications. For the case of the muscles they are going to be burnt until they rupture thus releasing their contents into the blood hence the

Impact Of Minimalism Art Movement Has On Art Community During 1960s Research Paper

Impact Of Minimalism Art Movement Has On Art Community During 1960s -1970s - Research Paper Example There cannot be any design without a designer; the individuals who trail blazed in this field or whose works, in the strict sense of the word, can be termed as minimalistic art are people like Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol Lewitt and Dan Flavin (Marzona p7). What then is minimalism? Strickland, 2000, 7 defines minimalism as a movement, primarily in post war America towards an art-visual, musical, literary or otherwise- that makes its statements with limited if not the fewest possible resources. Though as Marzona argues, the term minimalism is confined to the visual arts with a major focus on painting. The movement did make a profound a impression on art that was to be seen years later. In artistic sense, it implies using limited materials to create a desired effect, which is, pure and simple. This is created by eliminating the non-essentials features, firms or concepts. In general, minimalism art movement does include synopsis, key ideas, artworks, artist about resource s. This study therefore focuses on how the minimalists, even though they did not want to be labeled as such, impacted on art and the art community with their minimalistic art activities. The minimalism movement did start in the 1960s, as earlier stated, in the United States and the process influenced the modern art as exemplified in such works as painting, sculpture and installation. During the time of its inception, minimal artists desired to have their respective artworks to be enjoyed without disruptions of the conventional aesthetic field. They focused on descriptions like color, and geometric structures and shapes. It is worth noting that the work of the minimalists did transform not only the way art was being viewed but it also elevated the social status of the discipline in the society. A look at each of the minimalists’ works confirms and sheds more light into the elements and purpose of the minimalism art movement. Donald Clarence Judd is one among the leading artist s who contributed immensely to this field. Scheldahi et al p 212 confirms that Judd is the renowned figure behind minimalism, even though he renounced the label and preferred to be known as the ‘maker of objects’ The man credited for having revolutionized art during his time especially in the 1960s and left an impression which was to stay long after he had gone. A Masters Degree graduate in Art History from the University of Columbia, Judde’s work of art has been described as one which is unique and as Scheldahi et al puts it, his work is unfailing elegance even lapidary in a grandiose sort of a way. The major contributions of Jude, notes Arts Foundation, were in the forms of ‘stacks’, ‘boxes’ and ‘progressions’. One such work is untitled, which Arts Connected 2012 confirms became Jude’s trademark. It was simple and austere. Through this, he challenges the viewer to consider the concepts of boredom, monotony and repet ition. He used an artistic style that moved away from illusionism but focused on constructions in which materiality is a key central part to the owners work. Thus Jude’s work of art would be described as one which was created using real materials in real space (Arts Connected 2012). His works bring closer home the understanding of the relationship between art and space. Marzoma notes, as does other writers in this field, the transition of Jude from being a painter to a sculptor. Concrete, plywood, galvanized steel and aluminum are some of the key ingredients in Jude’s recipe in articulating an effective minimalist sculptor. The Green Gallery exhibitions of Jude’s pieces of art work in 1963 appear to have catapulted him to the limelight of the international scene as a renowned minimalist. 12th of February 1994

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAW - Essay Example Since the incident took place at a public event and there are a number of eye witnesses out of whom there are two adults the statements can be corroborated to see if they match in case of any doubts regarding the children’s eye witness accounts of the occurring(section 4(7)(g) Code for Crown Prosecutors). Furthermore post emergency doctor’s reports can be used as supporting evidence to ascertain section 4(7)(k) Code for Crown Prosecutors. The evidence has been gathered in the normal course of investigation therefore it is safe to presume its admissibility will not be an issue also (section 4(7)(a) Code for Crown Prosecutors). Though section 4(11) of the Code may seem to be satisfied where sufficiency of evidence is concerned but it remains to be considered whether public interest will be served in prosecuting Mr. Eric assessing the balance scale between factors tending in favor (section 4(16) Code for Crown Prosecutors) and against(section 4(17) Code for Crown Prosecuto rs) a prosecution. ... Though an out of court disposal may be considered if section 4(16)(b) of the Code can be satisfied and that it can be ascertained that Eric’s offence was likely a one off incident induced by his intoxicated state (section 4(16)(e)) and that Fred is accepting or unaffected by the decision not to prosecute. As Fred has suffered serious jaw injury which is likely to require a minor or intrusive surgery causing him physical and mental distress (section 4(16)(g) Code for Crown Prosecutors) is of importance whether Eric’s monetary compensation if any satisfies Fred’s sense of due justice (section 4(16)(i) Code for Crown Prosecutors). As only in exceptional circumstances an out of court disposal by way of a simple caution is offered for indictable offences (section 7(5) Code for Crown Prosecutors) and a conditional caution may only be considered if after accounting for the victim’s and community’s interest it would serve no purpose to prosecute (section 7( 2) Code for Crown Prosecutors). Based on the facts provided Eric’s state of intoxication at a children’s sporting event makes the presumption of an assessment in his favor extremely unlikely, thus balancing the arguments and counter-arguments the decision to prosecute is the plausible outcome (section 7(8) Code for Crown Prosecutors). 2. The issue in respect of this question requires an analysis on the arrest and it’s lawfulness in respect of PACE 1984. Since Martin was merely a store detective section 24A Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 , which is relevant to the facts at hand, will be discussed. Section 24A Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 provides for

Non-profit organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Non-profit organizations - Essay Example The problem in human health that arose from the disaster is a major concern worth analysis and discussion. The health deterioration in the coastal region and the island is an issue of concern because the earthquake destroyed the sewage system. The lack of a proper sewage system has triggered the outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera in the country. Therefore, there is a need to intervene and restore the order as fast as possible. Restoring the system will help reduce the deaths that are occurring in the region because of cholera. GoodLife’s vision is built towards making the lives of people in the country better and enjoyable. We, therefore, establish our camp on regions enduring difficulties due to lack of adequate resources or government intervention. Moreover, the organization intervened in the situation being led by the following principles that form our vision. Considering these objective principles, the vision of the GoodLife is clear. Our ambition is to work with the community and to recuperate their life. Our long time goals are to lead non-governmental organisation in providing help to the needy communities in the country. Our position to the vision statement is driven by credible research that moves the community to enquire about their problem. The organization analyze problem and outline the possible measures that can be used to remedy it. Our specific objective in this mission to solve the problem of the sewage system in the coastal region and the Mentawai Islands. Our specific objectives aims are disconnecting the main cause of cholera in the country. Goodlife aims to reconstruct the sewerage system and build new toilets and latrines. The communities have experienced the problem of sewerage with little support from the government. There are a number of activities that are to be carried out in order to hit our objectives. Goodlife seek qualified contractors to be involved in the construction of waterways. This canal will ensure

Hand Made Music Boxes Essay Example for Free

Hand Made Music Boxes Essay In a market where monopolistic competition exists, businesses operate in a manner wherein producers sell differentiated products from one another, yet similar. This means that the product is not homogenous. Firms can still market their products by the highlighting the slight differences in their output. The various producers in this type of market are selling their products, in this case handmade music boxes, which act as substitutes. Firms are able to control the prices in some degree within a narrow range of prices. They enter the market if the profits are attractive wherein they can maximize their profit and are left with excess production capacity. In a market where there is monopolistic competition, there are many firms, which each firm has a small market share and operates independently from each other. (Salvatore, 2007) Enterprise, natural, labor and capital are considered as the factors of production in the economy. Given a firm that operates a business in hand made music boxes, these factors of production are important as to gain profit and be able to be competitive in the market. In a monopolistic competitive market, it is assumed that all these factors of production are mobile, in which if these are not being used efficiently, they will move instantly to where they can be maximized. (Harvey Jowsey, 2007) In an enterprise, entrepreneurial skills are needed to manage and direct the other three factors of production to enable a production of goods or services in the market. Operating a hand made music box needs skills from people that have managerial experiences that can lead the firm into a competitive advantage through effective planning and execution in producing the goods needed in the market. This will help in giving the business a competitive advantage wherein the characteristics of the hand made music box of a certain firm is made with quality than that of other firms in the market. (Case Fair, 2007) No business can operate without natural or land as part of its factors of production. Land is where the business is being done. It can be a factory, building, agricultural land or office, but this should have a location for it to be established. An access to land is needed in setting up firms. (Case Fair, 2007) Hand made music box business needs a factory for the assembly of parts and for storing. Moreover, this business needs a shop for the goods to be displayed so that the goods can be seen by the consumers that will buy the product. Access to land and property can raise the standard of production as well as be more competent in the market. (American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2002) Businesses manage to exist because of its labor force. Firms do need people who can do hours of work for them. In making hand made music boxes, there can be a composition of various assembly lines. These assembly lines are made up of people that will do specific parts in making the hand made music boxes of the firm. Skilled workers help the firm in having competitive advantage in the market. In a competitive market, skills of workers are important to produce high quality goods that can be sold to consumers. This will result in a high advantage of a certain firm that employs highly skilled workers over those firms that employ lesser skilled people. (Harvey Jowsey, 2007) In every business setting, capital should be present. Capital refers to equipments used by firms to produce goods. The workers of a hand made music box business need equipments for the production of the goods. These equipments will help the production be more effective and efficient. In a competitive market where different firms compete for products being sold to consumers, a firm needs capital that will increase the quality of the product. This will make the firm more advantageous in terms of output and quality in the market. (Harvey Jowsey, 2007) Given that the situated market is in a monopolistic competition scenario, a firm’s demand curve will intersect the industry’s demand curve at the firm’s equilibrium level of output and price. (Weins, 1999) This explains why the demand curve is relatively elastic and downward sloping, which can be associated to a flat, but not horizontal demand curve. Firms in this type of market will have less control over price to charge their output. A firm that makes profit in the short-run will break even eventually because of a decrease in demand in the long-run, which in this case will result in a zero economic profit. (Duffy, 1993) Considering the law of supply, monopolistic competitive markets might not produce large quantities as a response to higher prices. The hindrance to the positive-quantity supply relation is the market control and downward sloping demand curve among monopolistic competitive markets. Monopolistic competitive firms are considered to be price-searchers rather than price-takers because â€Å"prices will change by the comparison of marginal revenue with marginal cost in every possible price along with the market demand curve. † Prices are not placed equal to marginal revenue; furthermore, it is not equal to marginal cost and price. Thus, as a result, firms do not essentially supply more quantities of goods at lower prices. (Harvey Jowsey, 2007) In the short-run, individual firms behave like a monopoly thus they can raise their prices leaving the consumers options to buy similar goods from other firms. As for the long-run, there is a free entry condition where firms continue to occur in the market leaving the demand curve to continually shift leftward until the time when each of the firm earns a zero economic profit. Firms earn economic profit or loss in the short run, but eventually, new entrants will be attracted to profits thus would result to losses until these firms earn zero economic profit. The hand made music box firms will compete in the market for the available consumers that will purchase the goods.

The premier food

The premier food EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report aims to critically appraise various internal and external factors which contributed to the success of Premier Foods grocery division restructuring programme. Examples of effective change management disciplines are integrated throughout the project to achieve a successful business strategy. Although, no matter how effective and efficient you plan for change, risks are inevitable. The report aims to identify the key risks associated with the restructuring plan and identify the possible effects on human, physical and cultural resources. In the latter stages, the report will come to a close, highlighting the main points which the author believes has had an influence on the entire grocery divisions restructuring process. ORGANISATIONAL OVERVIEW Premier Foods has been established as the UKs leading food manufacturer, specialising in many known consumer brands such as OXO, Quorn, Hovis, Batchelors and Branston Pickle. Its estimated that 99.4% of the UK population buy at least one Premier Food product each year and a total of 43 million people, eat a leading brand food product every two weeks. Therefore, current turnover is estimated at  £2.6 billion and the company currently employs 17,000 people at 60 manufacturing sites around the United Kingdom and Ireland. Although, these figures would have been unrealistic without Premier Foods  £460 million acquisition of Campbells UK and Irish market share in August 2006. In March 2007, Premier Foods also captured RHMs market share for  £1.2 billion and therefore, turnover figures increased dramatically from  £760 million to the current turnover figure of  £2.6 billion. In 2008, Premier foods had successfully undertaken a comprehensive restructuring programme, which was deemed extremely complex in the UK. The aim was to radically transform the Grocery Division, which would drive the business through lower costs and higher technical standards. Premier Foods wished to implement the following key changes: The eradication of eight manufacturing sites between September 2007 and December 2008. Five core sites would increase the number of consumer brands manufactured. Capability and capacity are critical. The transfer of more than 1500 consumer brands and 2000 materials (136,700 tonnes). Capital Investment of  £47 million, of which  £19 million would need to be delivered in savings. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PLAN REASONS BEHIND THE CHANGES External Market Pressures The United Kingdom has one of the fastest growing food and drink markets in the world (UK Trade Investment Services, 2009). The food and drink sector alone generates sales estimated at  £70 billion and significant growth areas lie in value added products i.e. ready meals or Non-European recipes. Recent studies had estimated the UKs organic sector at  £1.2 billion a year and the chilled food market a staggering  £7 billion. Therefore this accounts for almost 60% of the overall European chilled food market. However, in the East Midlands, food manufacturing is rapidly expanding. 15.1% of the UKs food produce is manufactured here and over the forthcoming years, this figure is expected to increase by 40%. Food companies such as NOM, an Austrian Diary Producer, have taken decisions with the help of the UK government (Trade and Investment) to expand into the UKs rapidly expanding food markets. Therefore, it was imperative that Premier Foods assess the external market and plan for radical change. Premier foods understood that the UK food market is highly competitive, demanding consistent product quality and reliable supply whilst seeking more competitive pricing and innovative new products (Premier Foods, 2010). The company had a policy to, generate economies of scale to reduce production costs in order to support promotional activity, investment in building brand awareness with the consumer and new product development (Premier Foods, 2010). Over the years, Premier Foods had marginalised its market position through organic and inorganic growth. Through this initiative, the company has strengthened its competitive position by undertaking various initiatives in order to boost efficiencies and minimize costs (Just-Food, 2010). During 2009, Premier Foods excelled it strategy of developing growing branded sales and expanding gross margin through the benefits of consumer scales and insights. The company recognised the need to continually develop this through 2010. In this period, the company wishes to deliver efficiency savings over and above the synergies already delivered in 2009. The benefit strategies of 2009 were particularly absorbed by inflation (Input Costs) and by tougher consumer and trading environments. Therefore, this allowed promotional costs to rise and the company are to remain cautious in the 2010 shortfall. Nevertheless, the company has the desire to challenge market growth rates and developed the strategy of identifying particular categories and brands they can push most. This new strategy splits consumer brands into, Drive, Core and Defend. Premier Foods represent Drive categories as the consumer brands which will inherit the most market investment i.e. Hartleys, Quorn, Ambrosia etc. However, Premier Foods agree that cooking sauces / accompaniments, desserts and cakes would have immediate success rates within the consumer market. A company statement had concluded that although the cake category was in decline over recent years, lunchbox, ready-to-eat sweet snacks or treats are proving extremely popular. In theory, taking advantage of this opportunity would eventually start a trend, where Premier Foods would target other popular categories. In other words there is ample room for additional market growth. Bearing this in mind, the company is still confident in delivering a three year market strategy in demonstrating the company is moving in the right direction, ability to make profits and increases in the UK / Ireland market share. Internal Pressures Organisational Reform By successfully developing an external market strategy plan, Premier Foods needed to radically transform the entire business, which would be a rationale for its success. The first phase was to conduct a review of all the manufacturing sites to identify their capabilities, infrastructure and skill base. This activity was conducted in the first three weeks by a small group of senior management. The site review allowed senior management to develop viable options and allowed the initial steps towards a cost benefit analysis. Once satisfied with this, a presentation was developed for the companies board and an agreement was passed to take the initial work to a full business case. A larger team, comprising representatives from each in scope sites, was formed and a clear consensus regarding the optimum option was quickly reached (Wilkinson, 2010). The agreement of the business case, allowed all main stakeholders to be involved within the development. The main intention was to secure a unanimous agreement on the final proposal. Fortunately, agreement was reached within six-weeks of the business case and provided a solid rationale for delivery of the restructuring programme. However, part of the business case recommended the closure of six manufacturing sites in the United Kingdom and two in Ireland. There would be a period of twenty-one months, in which a mixture of consumer brands would be manufactured over five expanded sites. By now, people including stakeholders, board directors, managers etc knew which consumer brands would move from one manufacturing site to another, the expected costs of the entire restructuring programme, target delivery points and detailing the benefits that would occur across the entire organisation. The output of this work also demonstrated the overall level of benefits that could be achieved and provided a baseline for delivering the programme (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, market strategy developments, extensive cost cutting exercises, combined with effective efficiency strategies developed a recipe for success. BUSINESS STRATEGY PLAN Rationale In July 2003, Premier Foods were initially floated on the London Stock Exchange with a business strategy of: Development within consumer focused brands. Development through effective consumer relations. Cost Reduction strategies and business simplification. Parallel to this, there was spotlight within the UK and the desire to acquire Great British brands. The integration of these, would rapidly contribute to further strategies based on scale. However, the main aim was to expand company competitiveness with other British food manufacturers, whilst still improving company returns to the shareholders. Premier Foods anticipated that corporate responsibility is a strategic priority that should be parallel to the overall business objectives. The company ensured that responsible business practice should be a fundamental operation of the business and place in the core of the corporate responsibility strategy of, doing the right thing. Premier Foods adopted a business strategy which analyses current issues and attitudes. This allows the company to anticipate any trends which could hamper the business. This business strategy has been untouched and still currently forms the central core of the companies aspirations. Due to the rapid growth of the company, the individuals and the manufacturing sites involved in the restructuring programme had very different cultures and people who came from different work backgrounds. Therefore, there was different levels of understanding in both project and programme management processes. Although, to implement an effective restructuring process, an effective change management strategy had to come into operation and to get an overview; there are five key principles that are extremely important: (Briggs, M., 1995) Individuals tend to react differently to change. Everyone has a desired need, which should be met. Change tends to involve a loss or reduction in something. Realistic targets and expectations. Fears need to be dealt with. Bearing this in mind, Premier Foods had to be open and honest about the entire restructuring strategy. The company were open and not too overoptimistic in theory. In other words, the company set realistic targets and deliverance dates. Project Management Strategy To improve how the company manages large or small scale projects, Premier Foods embarked on integrating a new project management process. Currently, there were various project management systems integrated across the entire organisation and the proposal was to have one standard system based upon Prince2. Prompt, would be the system which Premier Foods integrated across the entire organisation and benefits in Prompt allowed Premier Foods to manage and initiate projects in each work stream. Work stream managers were responsible for this and would manage project teams, to complete any work as necessary. Resource Management Strategy To increase flexibility and reduce project delivery risk, interdependencies between specific work streams and projects were minimised. Time scales and achieving key delivery dates were crucial in this process. However, to support this, Premier foods ensured a structured organisational programme was in place and at the same time, avoided the utilisation of common resources. On the other hand, the company sourced resources at the work stream level, through process of common procurement approach. This allowed work streams to progress at a constant level, whilst having the ability to maintain an overview of contract resource usage and ability to view potential competing priorities at an early stage. Environmental Strategy Due to recent European legislations in place, there are pressures within industry to curb the amount of carbon dioxide produced in the manufacturing of consumer goods. Premier Foods is committed to supporting the UK Governments position on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol (Premier Foods, 2010). The company has a Five Star Environmental Award Scheme in structure, which was rolled out to all manufacturing sites in 2009. The scheme is a benchmark ensuring energy usage, waste, water usage and carbon dioxide emissions are carefully monitored (Wilkinson, 2010). Scheduling Milestone Management Strategies The original business case recommended a tight delivery timescale and was substantially dictated by the seasonality of transferring food categories. In other words, the transferring of a food line had a set delivery date. If the opportunity was missed then the company would have to wait to the next available opportunity i.e. desserts are more popular in the winter and therefore move production to the summer. At different intervals during the project, there was the requirement to assess the restructuring programmes ability to deliver within the target timescales. Whilst towards completion of the programme, various groups of people needed to be coordinated around specific milestone dates. Therefore, Premier foods had to ensure a sufficient scheduling and milestone management programme was in operation. Programme Assurance, Change Control and Scope Management Strategies The scope of the restructuring programme was controlled within overall programme approvals through the formal initiation of projects and associated funding in each work stream (Wilkinson, 2010). Each element within the restructuring programme had strict parameters to adhere too and were closely monitored i.e. funding and timescale delivery. However, if parameter changes were necessary, agreement would have to be obtained through steering committees, by the change control process. Information Communication Strategies Due to a large number of individuals being involved in the restructuring programme, an effective communication strategy was implemented to ensure information was circulated both internally and externally. Therefore, to ensure employees fully understand the strategic approach, Corporate Responsibility Road shows, were presented at all manufacturing sites to Senior Management teams. This ensured that they were aware of the long term sustainability goals and could effectively brief all employees about the planned changes in the company i.e. maintain involvement and commitment to employees whose job role were becoming redundant. Regular meetings with key external stakeholders ensured that the company advised them on any major changes, ensured the company was on the front foot and most importantly, minimised any potential damage to corporate reputation from any foreseeable redundancies (Wilkinson, 2010). Moving food production from one manufacturing site to another, impacts both the suppliers and customers. Therefore, both had to understand the changes which were being devised and reassured that supplies in a particular food category were managed effectively i.e. there was sufficient stock in the warehouses, while the transfer of a particular food line was being made. Quality Management Strategy Quality Consumer Brands Although moving manufacturing lines from one site another is relatively a straightforward process, ensuring the quality of the produce is critical. The company initiated a quality protocol which ensured that an individual product would move to a new location, meeting all necessary standards. Therefore, ensuring you protected the consumer experience was fundamental to the programme. This operation was strictly controlled and managed centrally. This ensures that the steering committee could monitor the quality control process and highlight any problem areas. Quality Control Premier Foods technical and commercial teams ensured that resources were utilised where required. Food tasting panels were utilised to ensured product matching and consumer testing in more severe cases. This ensured that the companies acquisitions of additional food brands were protected from other manufacturers. Efficient Supply Chain Management Peer review stage gate processes were introduced to ensure decisions were made appropriately. Individual project managers would check a list of criteria leading up to a Go / No Go decision. Review teams were constituted from all areas of business, ensuring there specialist area was implemented to high standards. Supply change management and independent business activities were amalgamated into one process, to ensure risks to the business and customer service levels were understood and managed appropriately. Issue Management Strategy Dealing effectively and efficiently with issues was seen as a competitive advantage for whole organisation. Individuals could identify any issues, at any point with the restructuring programme. Once identified, the responsible manager or line manager would deal with the issue. If required, an issue could be escalated to high level through steering committees for example. Alignments between, operational business, programme delivery and benefit achievement, demonstrated clear ownership and responsibility of the programme (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, issue management procedures could be reduced, as the result of effective communication forums and clear governance routes (Wilkinson, 2010). Therefore, the delivery of the restructuring programme within, target timescales, benefits and customer service constraints demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach (Wilkinson, 2010). Health and Safety Strategy Premier Foods, employed 16,000 employees across 60 manufacturing sites and they recognise that our employees are our single most valuable asset and we strive to be an employer of choice in areas which we operate (Premier Foods, 2010). Health and safety was a critical aspect in the programme, ensuring a safer manufacturing environment and safety improvements within plant and machinery. Strict guidelines were put in place and key initiatives were presented to line managers in workshops to ensure that risk assessment and risk management initiatives were enforced throughout the company. Value Engineering Approach The value engineering approach was utilised throughout project delivery dates, operational design and high safety food standards. By scrutinising the entire project build i.e. capital costs, then positive decisions could be made. Likewise, a change control mechanism was in place to acquire a cycle of positive feedback. Therefore, changes could be made prior to management decisions. Feedback from the value engineering approach was shared across the entire restructuring programme, in the ability to deliver efficiencies i.e. value for money. PROJECT RISKS Human Physical Impacts As quoted by the Boston Consulting Group (2010), Premier Foods restructuring strategy was one of the largest and most complex restructuring of food manufacturing in the UK. Risks are inevitable with a restructuring strategy the size of Premier Foods and precautions need to be put in place to counteract any eventualities. To begin, risks begin with the agreement of all the key stakeholders within the company. If by any means the stakeholders were unable to come to a unanimous decision, then the entire restructuring process could be in jeopardy. The key to its success would be to present an excellent business case, identifying the key drivers and reasons behind the change. Whenever there are redundancies, it can be a devastating blow to the surrounding area, local economy and families. It may happen because a work place is closing down or because few employees are needed for work of a particular kind (Holland, et al, 2008). In this instance, part of Premier Foods restructuring programme involved closing eight manufacturing sites and distributing current food categories over five existing sites. Senior Management closed a site based upon a number of factors i.e. site throughput. The aim was to improve productivity, lower costs and increase profits. Nevertheless, redundancies were inevitable at this point and the key was to maintain the companies reputation to avoid scrutiny. A reputation of a company is its important and valuable asset. A positive one may bring many benefits to a company, when a negative one may significantly harm it (Westcott, 2005). Although it was a devastating blow, the company would have to ensure all employees were treated in the best possible interests. Fortunately, the company offered generous redundancy packages and liaised with the local councils to ensure all redundant employees would have help getting back into employment. Once the workforce has been restructured, logistics and the redistribution of resources are crucial. The overall business challenge was to redistribute; 1500 products, 2000 materials, build new facilities, transfer 51 manufacturing lines, put a 2.5 million pallet stock build in place to maintain customer supply and complete 1800 line trial activities (Premier Foods, 2010). Besides this, the company needed to maintain both the company image and the customer service performance of a demanding business. Keeping the consumer supplied was at foremost importance, as there was the possibility of loosing contracts with some of Britains major brand stockists i.e. Tesco, ASDA, Sainsburys. As well as ensuring the survival of major cultural brands that have been produce for generations i.e. Hovis. Likewise, due to the rapid growth of the company, individuals and manufacturing sites that were affected by the restructuring programme had very different cultures. Cultural Impacts Culture, is seen as a pattern of beliefs and expectation that are shared by an organisations members (Schwartz, et al, 1981). These factors tend to produce norms which, powerfully shape the behaviour of individuals and groups in the organisation (Schwartz, et al, 1981). Culture, intends to concentrate upon the nature of these expectations. Taking Premier Foods into context, the individuals involved have been told various incentives which are behind the grocery divisions restructuring process. Therefore, the company have the responsibility to deliver their business strategy and individuals are right to dispute whether company expectations are being met i.e. Do they promise what they wish to deliver in the short-term and long term future? There is the risk that Premier Foods simply do not deliver and again, elements including corporate image could be affected. Likewise, the individual and manufacturing sites involved, originated from different work backgrounds. There were different levels of understanding in both project and programme management processes. Although, its good when an organisation is built around people who have different ethics i.e. the ability to share ideas to improve an organisations structure, the problem is getting everyone to agree upon a particular thing and ensuring people work upon a standard level. The key is to ensure everyone has good understanding of both principles, to ensure the restructuring programme is at minimum risk as possible. If not, then conflicts can arise (behavioural factors) and the restructuring programme could have major issues. Generally, it doesnt work if one individual has a strong understanding in one area and a weak understanding in another. Other Potential Risks The organisational restructuring programme was also surrounded by other critical integration projects, which were being implemented at the same time. Some of these included the integration of key administrative functions i.e. Human Resources and Finance. In the marketplace, the company itself faced soaring food cost inflations, as well as the impact of a major economic recession. Human and physical resources were thinly spread and significantly challenged during this tense period. In other words, it was either make or break time and fortunately, the gamble succeeded in the end. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary On a generic scale, the implementation of the entire restructuring programme was a complete success, taking the size and complexity of the programme into consideration. From research, the author identified the main critical elements for change. To begin, the author believes that Premier Foods wishes to be the leading competitor in the UK food market, to compete with other competitors. Once this is established, there maybe future business development plans to expand and compete with the European Food Market or on an International Scale. However, current infrastructure could not cope with future expansion and therefore, major internal reform was needed to improve the quality of food produced, the quantity of food produced and overall manufacturing costs. Although there were harsh reforms in the workforce for example, this allowed the company to focus on long-term developments and improve profits. In the short-term, this allows major shareholders to gain a healthy return in investments and can continue to provide investments for the future. Recommendations Taking the following into contention, no major improvements are needed. The Premier Foods restructuring programme demonstrates high professionalism, within a large strategic scale. All project delivery points were delivered on time and within budget. Although, a possible thought to consider is cultural differences. Current levels of project and programme management were at different levels between individuals and the manufacturing sites involved. Offering solutions that allow everyone to have the same level of knowledge may be advantageous. Nevertheless, its good when people have different ranges of knowledge and experience. This allows people to express their own interpretations, leading to new ideas. REFERENCES Boston Consulting Group (2010) Premier Foods. Available at: http://www.bcg.com/2010. (Accessed: 15th February 2010). Briggs, M. (1995) Change Management: Five basic principles and how to apply them. Available at http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/changemanagement.html. (Accessed: March 2nd 2010). Holland, J., Burnett, C. (2008) Employment Law. Revised Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Just Foods (2010) Just Foods website. Available at: http://www.just-food.com/store/product.aspx?id=60647. (Accessed: 14th February 2010). Premier Foods (2009) Premier Foods website. Available at: http://www.premierfoods.co.uk. (Accessed: 20th February 2010). Schwartz, H., Davis, S.M. (1981) Organisational Dynamics. 1st Edition. New York. AMACOM UK Trade Investment Services (2009) UK Trade Investment Services website. Available at: http://www.ukinvest.gov.uk/Food--drink/en-GB-list.html. (Accessed: 14th February 2010). Westcott, J (2005) Corporate Image. Available at http://docs.google.com/viewer. (Accessed March 4th 2010). Wilkinson, R. (2010) Premier Foods Guest Lecturer Grocery Manufacturing Consolidation Programme. Available at http://elp.northumbria.ac.uk (Accessed 25th February 2010). BIBOLOGRAPHY Boston Consulting Group (2010) Premier Foods. Available at: http://www.bcg.com/2010. (Accessed: 15th February 2010). Briggs, M. (1995) Change Management: Five basic principles and how to apply them. Available at http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/changemanagement.html. (Accessed: March 2nd 2010). Guardian News (2010) Premier Foods. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2010/feb/16/premierfoods (Accessed 15th February 2010). Holland, J., Burnett, C. (2008) Employment Law. Revised Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Just Foods (2010) Just Foods website. Available at: http://www.just-food.com/store/product.aspx?id=60647. (Accessed: 14th February 2010). Kotter, J. (1995 2002) Change Management. Available at http://www.businessballs.com/changemanagement.htm. (Accessed March 1st 2010). Premier Foods (2009) Premier Foods website. Available at: http://www.premierfoods.co.uk. (Accessed: 20th February 2010). Schwartz, H., Davis, S.M. (1981) Organisational Dynamics. 1st Edition. New York. AMACOM UK Trade Investment Services (2009) UK Trade Investment Services website. Available at: http://www.ukinvest.gov.uk/Food--drink/en-GB-list.html. (Accessed: 14th February 2010). Westcott, J (2005) Corporate Image. Available at http://docs.google.com/viewer. (Accessed March 4th 2010). Western Mail (2010) High Beam Research, Premier Foods hails sales rise as Hovis takes 25% of market, 1, pp. 1. International Newspapers, Local Markets Li-Z [Online]. Available at http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-219048662.html (Accessed March 4th 2010). Wilkinson, R. (2010) Premier Foods Guest Lecturer Grocery Manufacturing Consolidation Programme. Available at http://elp.northumbria.ac.uk (Accessed 25th February 2010).

Employee motivation special reference to mcdonalds

Employee motivation special reference to mcdonalds Since past few decades significance efforts have been made to improve the workers efficiency and effectiveness and in order to achieve this jobs structure have been made flexible. Some people have regret the loss of regular working pattern and the others are enjoying and taking the advantage of the flexible working hours (Prospect; 2008). The flexible working pattern has become very popular in many organisations and has contributed a lot in the employees life style in positive way. McDonalds The aim of the research is to find the role of flexible working hours in employees motivation. The organisation chosen to conduct the research is McDonalds UK Corporation. McDonalds is fast food service retailing chain of 30,000 restaurants famous for burgers and chips and is operating in 119 countries globally. Most of the restaurants are franchised. The company also operates under the name of The Boston market in US and has head quarters in US Oak Brook and employees more than 450,000 employees. The company had turnover of more than 20,000 million USD in 2009. (Data Monitor 2009) 1.2.1 McDonalds Employees In UK, McDonalds employs more than 50,000 people (not including franchisees staff) of which 57% staffs are male and 43% of staff is female and 66% of the hourly paid staff is aged between 16 and 20 years and 90% of staff are work for about 35 hours per week. Training of the staff is compulsory prior to start the job and is considered of great importance in the development of the employees. Flexible working practices give this opportunity to staff to fulfil their commitments with the family or education. Most of the managers in McDonald have started as hourly-paid and half of the companys middle and senior managers moved up from restaurant based positions. 2.1 RESEARCH AIM The aim of the research is to identify the role of flexible working in the employees motivation. The research has following objectives and questions. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of flexible working times in employee loyalty and satisfaction. To analyze the effect of flexible working on employees motivation and performance. To examine the benefits and limitations of adopting flexible working within the company To explore the flexible working practices currently followed by McDonalds To suggest recommendations to McDonalds to improve the flexible working arrangements to enhance the employees performance. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The proposed research questions are: What does flexible working means? How flexible working is being practiced in McDonalds? How McDonalds can improve retention rate through FWP? What have been the benefits and limitations of adopting the flexible working practices for McDonalds? LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review provides the foundation of the research on which result is built (Saunders; 2007). Theoretical concept and models described by the Harvard Framework of HRM and concept of Flexibility, Employee Loyalty, Cultural issues and Employee Retention will be reviewed in the literature study. Guests Theory of HRM Guest describes policies in strategic integration which ensure human resource management is integrated: first employees commitment to improve their performance through their behaviour, second flexibility ensuring flexible organization structure, third high quality service because of flexible working hours (Guest;1989). The concept of human resource management is to approach best practices which are acceptable universally. (Torrington: 2008) Flexibility Flexibility the term is being used in wide range of forms in organizations. For example internal flexibility shift of workers between different departments in an organization to benefit from their multi-skills. As an external flexibility hiring or subcontracting employees as per requirement. (Huws; 1999) Employee Loyalty A research of 3500 American workers investigates the relationship among work and life policies, informal support and employee loyalty over the life course. Flexible working practices have consistent and positive effects on the employees loyalty. (SpringerLink; 2004) Theories of Flexible Working Culture has deep effect on individuals and organizations in their life. Four types of cultural styles which are individual Culture (people work for themselves to live with basic needs or luxuries), Task Culture, Role Culture (Clearly defined roles are set out within a hierarchical structure) and Club Culture (Like-minded people loosely grouped around a charismatic leader). He describes the flexible working in the context of the cultural values of the individuals and organizations. (Handy; 1988) Employment Flexibility Pinfield and Atkinson (1998) present four approaches to increase employment flexibility to achieve competitive advantage. These are as follows: 1. Time flexibility. 2. Functional flexibility. 3. Distancing flexibility 4. Financial or Pay flexibility. The Flexible Firm A model for flexible firm in which it is divides its labour force into a core of permanent workers performing the key task and temporary workers to complete daily tasks. The temporary staffs protect the core group from change in demand in the labour market and reduce the labour cost and promote flexibility in the organisation. (Atkinson and Meager, 1986; Pollert, 1988; Hakim, 1987) (Keizer; 2008) Flexible working arrangements can play a valuable role in organizational performance Flexible working is beneficial in the interest of both employees and employers. Adopting the flexible working practices has identified significant reduction in staff sickness, absence, and turnover levels, employees retention, motivation. On the organization side it has enhanced the organization overall image. Employees can also choose their work-patterns to make a work-life balance. (CIPD; 2008) Employee Retention Employers can retain their staff most effectively. This retention is not because of the high payment but the highest level of reward by offering them other benefits such as flexible working hours. He says that employees can be retained if the organization offers job security, flexible working arrangements and career development opportunities (Taylor; 2002). RESERCH METHODOLOGY There are three approaches to research methodology Research approach Research strategy Data collection methods Research approach There are two types of approaches; deductive and inductive. In deductive approach the researcher tests and proves or disproves number of propositions and in the inductive approach the researcher would collect data and develop a theory as a result of analyzing the data. The approach for my study is both deductive and inductive. Research strategy The most commonly research strategies used are collecting data from number of organizations or a large group of respondents in order to explore the issues largely in the present to develop a theory or a case study to explore the issues both at present and in the past of an organization to proof the point and propose recommendations. I will be surveying one organization and will bring the facts of the past and present to light in the context of flexible working hours. (Jankowicz;1995) SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Secondary data analysis is the analysis of data collected by another researcher or organization in order to discuss or explore an issue (Hakim; 1989). Secondary data can helps to define the research problems and can develop an approach, it is easy and quicker to access mostly through universitys library facilities as this data already been collected and published. This data can be collected in short space of time and it is cost effective. For this research work I will be using the journals, books, library resources and online databases such as Ebsco to collect the data. 4.1.2 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION Primary data is normally regarded as being data which is collected by the original researcher who is using the data for further investigation (Oliver; 2002 p.14). In this research, I am intending to collect the data from both questionnaires and interviews to obtain the information about the employees attitude, behaviour and opinion about McDonalds and also the impact of flexible working practices within McDonalds. For this research it is appropriate to use both techniques for data collection. Qualitative Research Qualitative data refers to all non-numeric data or data that have not been quantified and can be a product of all research strategies. It can range from a short list of responses to open-ended questions and in-depth interviews (Saunders; 2007). In this research qualitative data will be collected by conducting interviews of the managers and the workers at McDonald. Five to seven people will be interviewed and they will be situational and snow balling technique will be practiced. Quantitative Research In this research, I will use the questionnaire in order to collect the primary data. I will use structured questionnaire in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. The structured questionnaire will be given to the employees working at McDonalds to get their point of view on how the companys flexible working is affecting their life style and performance. The questionnaires will give to 40-50 people in McDonald. They will not require replying immediately. However, discrete and careful monitoring will be carry out to make sure that the respondent answers all the questions. Data Analysis To analyze the qualitative data power computer software (CADAS) like NVivo ATLAS will be used. These are easy available in the market and in some universities as well. It is no longer necessary to undertake routine qualitative data management tasks manually such as sorting the data into categories and location subsets of these data according to specified criteria. (Saunders; 2007) LIMITATION OF STUDY Since flexible working motivates and improves performance of the employees, all the organisations are adopting flexible working system. All organisations are being encouraged by the UK Government to adopt flexible working practices due to many advantages which include cross culture diversity, reduce absenteeism and high turnover. As the research is being conducted in the UK and flexible working practices can differ across the branches in different localities in the UK. The future research could be carried to find out to what extent the other branches of the organisations is practicing the flexible working system. ETHICAL ISSUES, CONSENT AND ACCESS Ethical considerations are crucial in the data collection and handling process (Saunders et al; 2007). I will make sure that I abide by all the ethical rules and regulations while carrying out my research work. I will make sure that my interviewees know the purpose of the research and all the data will be kept confidential. One of the branches of McDonalds has already been informed. Researcher will also make sure the responses of the respondent are kept confidential and do not get in the hands of any other unauthorized person. The research will seeks to be fair, consistent and accurate in all aspects. Research planning Gant chart of the planning

Sustainable Development Can Reduce Global Warming Essay -- Climate Cha

"Global warming is too serious for the world any longer to ignore its danger or split into opposing factions on it." -- Tony Blair, speech, Sept. 27, 2005 According to the latest scientific data there is a direct human influence on the climate system. An upward trend in global temperatures can be clearly seen over the last three decades. The effects of this human induced climate destabilization can be seen in the present and are projected to worsen over time, regardless of the level of carbon emitted into the future. This does not mean that global and regional systems should not be overhauled to reduce carbon emissions. A rapid decrease in emissions is necessary to avert further warming of the planet and changes in the climate system. As the various effects of the shifting climate are being seen now, it can be clear that a level of dangerous climate change has been reached, although not threatening on a global scale. In order to ensure the perpetuity of our species in conditions that are not life threatening, a new development pattern must be adopted. The old way, some may say the â€Å"dirty way,† is no longer feasible. No long er may we dig up energy reserves that were sequestered over millions of years and burn them in a matter of hours. This is not as sustainable as once was thought. The planet is telling us that we must radically shift the way we build, develop, live, connect, move, eat, recreate, etc. Sustainable development is a young notion, but a powerful one. Around it, is a conversation that attempts to unite every person on the planet in the hopes that we all might work together to further our species. Climate change fits into this conversation very well. Results of unsustainable development, the effects of climate ... ...† UN News Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Can Renewable Electricity Reduce Poverty? – Institute of Development Studies.† 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, Longer Report.† Intergovernmental Panel on Cliamte Change. November 1, 2014. Gerland, Patrick, Adrian E. Raftery, Hana Sevcikova, Nan Li, Danan Gu, Thomas Spoorenberg, and John Wilmoth, et al. 2014. â€Å"World population stabilization unlikely this century.† Science no. 6206: 234. Resutek, Audrey. â€Å"Study: Cutting Emissions Pays for Itself.† MIT News. 24 Aug. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. [1]http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/cutting-carbon-health-care-savings-0824 [2]http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml [3]http://www.ids.ac.uk/news/can-renewable-electricity-reduce-poverty Tony Blair Quote http://www.notable-quotes.com/g/global_warming_quotes.html#sdpRyJzEeS5ObBYq.99

Gas Pressure Lab :: Papers

Gas Pressure Lab We pumped air into the tube until the pressure was as high as possible, which was 3.4x105 Pa. We recorded the volume of gas; it was 16.0cm3. We then let the pressure down slightly and recorded the pressure and volume again. We repeated this about 15 more times, which was when the pressure reached 1.03x105 Pa. Here are the results: Gas Pressure (x105 Pa) Gas Volume (cm3) 3.4 16 3.23 16.9 3.09 17.8 2.91 18.8 2.78 19.7 2.62 21 2.48 22.1 2.31 23.7 2.15 25.7 1.97 28.1 1.73 31.9 1.6 34.9 1.41 39.1 1.28 43.3 1.12 50 1.03 56 EXPLANATION Boyle ¡Ã‚ ¦s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of ideal gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the gas pressure: P „f 1/v OR pv = constant This means that if p is doubled then v is halved, or, if p is halved then v is doubled. MOLECULAR EXPLANATION At room temperature and pressure, there are a certain number of gas molecules in 10cm3 of air. Each molecule exerts a pressure on the walls of a container. The molecules hitting the sides of the container cause this pressure. If you decrease the volume that the air occupies from 10 cm3 to 5 cm3, then there would be twice as many molecules per cm3 than before. This means twice as much pressure will be exerted due to twice as many molecules hitting the sides of the container at a certain time. ANALYSIS To analyse my results I will extend my table from before by adding 1/v and pv: p (x105 Pa) v (cm3) 1/v (cm-3) pv (x105 Pa cm3) 3.40 16.0 0.062 54.40 3.23 16.9 0.059 54.58 3.09 17.8 0.056 55.00 2.91 18.8 0.053 54.71 2.78 19.7 0.051 54.77 2.62 21.0 0.048 55.02 2.48 22.1 0.045 54.80 2.

Colonial Representations of India in Prose Fiction :: Essays Papers

Colonial Representations of India in Prose Fiction As in representations of the other British colonies, India was used by colonial novelists as a tool of displacement of the individual and re-affirmation of the metropolitan whole. There are three methods by which this effect is achieved. The first method displays an unqualified reliance on a culture too remote to be approached except physically: a hero or protagonist in a pre-mutiny novel is at liberty to escape to India at a moment of crisis, rearrange his life to his advantage and return to a happy ending and the establishment of a newly defined metropolitan life. Dobbin of Thackeray's Vanity Fair (1848) and Peter Jenkins of Gaskell's Cranford (1853) exemplify this well. Even the child Bitherstone of Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848) regards India as his salvation. The second method demonstrates the duality of the post-mutiny era. We are told by Patrick Brantlinger that the earliest work of fiction to deal with the mutiny is "The Perils of Certain English Prisoners", a collaboration by Dickens and Wilkie Collins in the Christmas 1857 edition of Household Words . Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone (1868) revolves around the theft and reclamation of the Koh-i-Noor and creates an ambiguous point of antagonism between Brahmin and Englishman. The Brahmins cannot be said to be wholly right or wrong in their dealings with the stone and it is the British Ablewhite who is portrayed in the most one-dimensional manner and who is cast almost as penumbra to the issues redefining the character of the former. However, only eleven years after the Mutiny, Collins's Indians remain at all times a threatening presence subject only to the most tenuous negotiation:- the reader must not forget that they belong to the realm of the non-rational. Collins' Brahmins, unaware that they are observed, participate in magical rites and his Hindus, en masse, typify Romantic notions of Man's ideal union with Nature. As re-affirmation, they reconfirm the relationship between the central characters. The third method again demonstrates the duality of the post-mutiny era but with more emphasis on reconciliation. Later novels such as Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) or E. M. Forster's Passage to India (1924) attempt to remove either the Indian character from the confines of previous stereotype or the Anglo-Indian character from the confines of automatic moral superiority. Colonial Representations of India in Prose Fiction :: Essays Papers Colonial Representations of India in Prose Fiction As in representations of the other British colonies, India was used by colonial novelists as a tool of displacement of the individual and re-affirmation of the metropolitan whole. There are three methods by which this effect is achieved. The first method displays an unqualified reliance on a culture too remote to be approached except physically: a hero or protagonist in a pre-mutiny novel is at liberty to escape to India at a moment of crisis, rearrange his life to his advantage and return to a happy ending and the establishment of a newly defined metropolitan life. Dobbin of Thackeray's Vanity Fair (1848) and Peter Jenkins of Gaskell's Cranford (1853) exemplify this well. Even the child Bitherstone of Dickens' Dombey and Son (1848) regards India as his salvation. The second method demonstrates the duality of the post-mutiny era. We are told by Patrick Brantlinger that the earliest work of fiction to deal with the mutiny is "The Perils of Certain English Prisoners", a collaboration by Dickens and Wilkie Collins in the Christmas 1857 edition of Household Words . Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone (1868) revolves around the theft and reclamation of the Koh-i-Noor and creates an ambiguous point of antagonism between Brahmin and Englishman. The Brahmins cannot be said to be wholly right or wrong in their dealings with the stone and it is the British Ablewhite who is portrayed in the most one-dimensional manner and who is cast almost as penumbra to the issues redefining the character of the former. However, only eleven years after the Mutiny, Collins's Indians remain at all times a threatening presence subject only to the most tenuous negotiation:- the reader must not forget that they belong to the realm of the non-rational. Collins' Brahmins, unaware that they are observed, participate in magical rites and his Hindus, en masse, typify Romantic notions of Man's ideal union with Nature. As re-affirmation, they reconfirm the relationship between the central characters. The third method again demonstrates the duality of the post-mutiny era but with more emphasis on reconciliation. Later novels such as Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) or E. M. Forster's Passage to India (1924) attempt to remove either the Indian character from the confines of previous stereotype or the Anglo-Indian character from the confines of automatic moral superiority.

The diversity of religions is another argument

Personally, I find the Halls’ arguments convincing, maybe because they are consistent with my previous experience. My opinion is that science is a more reliable way of exploring the world. Its advantage is that there is only one science with the scientific method universally recognized in all or most parts of the globe, whereas the marginalization of different parts of society often occurs because there are different religions and people follow different views.The diversity of religions is another argument why science as a universal world outlook should take precedence before it.The scientific method seems to be a far more reliable method of exploring the world. It is based on observations, not some obscure revelations of prophets and messengers from God, and the scientist is expected to be thorough and honest in documenting the outcomes of the experiment. Of course, there is also room for the construction of hypotheses that come arbitrarily out of somebody’s mind, but these have to be substantiated with factual evidence in order to become valid knowledge.Presupposition of the existence of some kind of transnatural forces will inevitably mar the investigation of scientific facts because it leaves too much space to issues that arbitrarily affect the results of the investigation. Some people can object to the scientific method because they think it will leave the world very dry and boring.People have to understand that this mystical view of the world can leave it unexplored because consideration of issuers irrelevant to the process will have to become part of it.2. The essay by Edwin A. Locke does include ideas that merit attention. However, it sounds too supremacist with regard to other nations.The problem with identifying the success of the West with its more sound ideology lies in the fact that it many factors contributed to the prominence of the West. Some would say that it simply managed to rise ahead of other states, suppressing them with colo nialist policies. That other nations did not embrace technology often means that they had poor access to it.Robert Wright in his essay takes a different viewpoint. He critically assesses the notion of ‘manifest destiny’ for America that supports the idea of its greatness. Besides, he advocates that ethnocentrism is actually wrong for America because it conflicts with multiculturalism that permits peaceful coexistence of all people in the same land. International relations can also profit if American stop asserting their superiority and turn a more open eye toward other nations.3.   Lukacs believed that the dominate ideology of the 20th century was nationalism. Alliance between people on the basis of nations proved to be more powerful than affinity that was based on class as the one assumed Marxists.Lukacs argues that people were swept by nationalist feelings that outstripped other ideological quirks such as Communism. The Cold War was, in the opinion of Lukacs, protra cted because of the persisting anti-Communism embraced by many in the West. In Lukacs’ view, this is a spontaneous, often irrational feeling that surfaces only within the bourgeoisie, but also among workers themselves.The main reason for its existence is the desire of respectability. His criticisms can also be applied to anti-terrorism rampant today, a feeling that also leads to oversimplification and overstatement of the challenge – for example, manifested in the proneness to blame the whole Muslim world for the acts.The author identifies problems with the dissolution of the empires with the rise of nationalist feelings in these areas, spurred on by masses and desire of local officials to become leaders of new states.Nationalistic feelings also fuel wars for independence that occurred in the colonial world in the 20th century where the people sought to throw off the yoke of foreign powers, not necessarily for the benefit of their own nation. The state in Lucacsâ€℠¢ perception is the political entity that is formally constructed: for instance, the Soviet state was dominated by one party. The nation, on the other hand, is more easily identifiable with people.4. Fundamentalism is going to be one of the key issues that dominate American politics and the national policy-making worldwide. It represents the trend to address religious texts for guidance on all historic events, a road map to success and an accurate prediction of future events if humans interpret it correctly.This tradition leads people to interpret modern history in apocalyptic terms, viewing the world as a battlefield between the Christ and the Anti-Christ. This can lead to the inclination to discard all technological innovations because the Satan is expected to make use of them in order to take control of the earth. Moreover, people will expect the second coming of the Christ.

Motorcycle Helmet laws Essay

Over the past 30 categorys, mevery decl ares grow ordered obligatory helmet legalitys for bi regular recurrence drivers. There work been umpteen provinces that have rescinded these laws for reasons that may non be cognize by those most raise the motorbike rider him/herself. Currently, less than half of all(prenominal) U. S. fixs require helmets for bi bout operators. integrity who is interested in this topic may oddment how those that are in positions to give the thumbs up or thumbs down regarding these laws nettle their closing unrivaled mood or the other(a). Do they have items, data and certify to bear out their verdicts?Or, are they charmd by stories of horrific motorbike fatalities recited to them by friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, church members, or acquaintances at the grocery store, garden center and/or the local pub? Could there be a possibility that they ability twisting a mandatory helmet law imputable to a knee-jerk reaction to a peculiarly heinous accident that recently occurred and been c all over by television, radio, newspaper and the internet? What are the chances that unmatchable of those decision nominaters was an avid rider who escaped serious reproach callable to donning a helmet piece of music go?Those questions might also lead to others, for example, about how lots bewitch lobbyists have when it comes down to the utmost moments prior(prenominal) to the portraying or forbid of a particular bill. Does a lobbyist that is pro-mandatory helmets have more clout, or would, for example, a convention of bicycle drivers have any influence? The regular motorcycle rider and/or the general public most in all opportunity has no idea what factors are explored prior to the determination of those who have license to make the decision as to how wholeness should discerp if they are heading out on a motorcycle.Despite empirical evidence that supports the lend hotshotself of helmets, avid motorc yclists argue that helmet laws shock the Ninth Amendment, which states, no law shall be enacted that regulates the individuals bicycle Helmet Laws 3 exemption to choose his individualal actions and path of dress so long as it does not in any way affect others. Trends over the past several(prenominal)(prenominal) years have been to review and disperse accident and other reports written by police and highway patrol officers, hospital workers, witnesses to the scene and road construction workers who may have been at the site at the time of the accident.Figures and findings payoffing from the discipline Highway sentry duty Act have been accessed. Compilations from states motor vehicle divisions and departments of transportation have also been apply extensively to determine if enactment of mandatory helmet laws simplifications injuries and finiss from motorcycle crashes. These reports and statistics, however, have not include details regarding factors such(prenominal) as ripen and/or sex of the driver, style and sizing of motorcycle, geographical demographics, or the upshot of months one rides or the time of day that the accident occurred.Published research studies regarding statistics from several states were examine for this assignment. Some studies include all states of America, piece of music many others focus on a particular state or collection of states. Other types of research reviewed included name interviews with motorcyclists, articles by motorcycle conventions pertaining to published findings and observations of riders, documenting whether or not they were habiliment helmets. This school-age child has a particular interest in this mental object as she rides a motorcycle.In the state where she resides (Minnesota) there is no mandatory helmet single-valued function law. Unfortunately, she is not aware of the particular reasons that her state has made the decision not to enact this law. Nevertheless, if she were extremely astute, she would have reviewed any statistics regarding her kinsfolk state. The author is interested in discovering the reason that the powers that be chose to allow her to have the freedom motorbike Helmet Laws 4 to decide whether or not she will don a helmet prior to embarking on a journey.Her hypotheses as to the reasons are probably so removed off base that she would be indecisive to admit them to another. Ultimately, her quest is to evaluate the constitutions and strain to discover if mandatory helmet laws do, indeed, cliff injuries and expirys as a result of a motorcycle crash. There are a variety of reasons a motorcycle driver makes the decision as to whether to wear a helmet patch riding vs. not wearing one. Some of the factors that influence this decision start to be age, demographics (urban vs.rural living), and style and surface of motorcycle. Other factors involved are where the person is riding (highway, city, side streets, rural areas, and so forth ) Weather con ditions and time of day (former(a) morning, mission hour, nighttime) also should be taken into consideration. Maneuvering with hundreds of vehicles on the road and the rising or brandting sun in ones eyes have a bearing on how well a driver can see. The incidence of accidents that result in wound and fatality has fluctuated with the enactment and rescinding of mandatory helmet give.The United States federal giving medication has had a vacillating approach to the practice session of motorcycle helmets since 1967, when the National Highway refuge Act (NHSA) was first passed, which required states to utilize helmet laws or be ineligible for authorized funding programs at the state level. By 1976, Congress responded to pressures from individual states and motorcyclist interest assemblys by revoking the federal authority to assess penalties for non-compliance. deep down 4 years by and by the NHSA was revised, 28 states repealed their mandatory helmet laws.Congress later enac ted the Intermodal bulge Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, which created incentives for states to enact helmet use yet by the fall of 1995, Congress lifted sanctions against states deficient helmet law enforcement. This final repeal set the stage for state legislatures to repeal helmet laws integrally. alone Motorcycle Helmet Laws 5 20 states shortly require the use of a restrictive helmet for all motorcycle riders, trine states do not require a helmet for any riders, and 27 states require helmet use but under specific conditions.Several studies signal that injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes significantly decline after the passing of mandatory helmet laws in a variety of states. Consequently, the impression one perceives is that helmet use is the panacea to obliterating any injuries and deaths from serious motorcycle mishaps. The statistics that are embodied in these studies are Death to disaster Ratios, which compare the number of deaths to the number of rela ted accidents.Limitations of these studies are that many fail to take into scotch the fact that motorcycle registrations declined upon resolution of the mandatory helmet use. One such study was en title of respectd Motorcyclist Deaths strengthen as Helmet Laws Loosen. When one glances at the title of this report, it appears alarming and gives the impression that once a compulsory act is rescinded, anyone that hops on a motorcycle in a state that does not have the helmet law will surely perish. The finer home run indicates that southern states are among those with the highest motorcycle death rates.The crushedest print, even smaller than the print in the body of the findings (approximately a size 6 font), disclosed that states with a year-round riding season are those that report high death rates during the year. It takes the findings from a small number of states and proceeds to construe these crossways the entire country. Consequently, how can this study be proof that motorc ycle helmet use decreases detriment and death from riding? In the state of Minnesota, for example, in an exemplary year weather-wise, cycle riders have the opportunity to ride for half a dozen months out of twelve.In a year where there is an unseasonably long winter, a short spring season and an early beginning for autumn, Minnesotans may have an entire riding season of only ternion months. Limitations to the majority of studies looked at the findings and drew conclusions Motorcycle Helmet Laws 6 based on the death to accident ratios alone. Very few seek to delineate the number of months one would be riding, seasonal road conditions or other factors. The use of a causative manikin distinguished the research methodology of one particular study from other studies.This methodology appealed to this writer, as many factors can influence not only the occurrence of a motorcycle crash, but the resulting predominance or deficiency of injury and/or death. The causal model considered c rash speed, helmet use, alcohol use and other pertinent variables in an attempt to isolate the separate contribution of all(prenominal) determinant of the dreadedness of injury or probability of death. The advantage of this approach was in the ability to estimate the separate make of several simultaneous and interrelated causes of motorcycle fatalities and injury severities.Previous studies simply divide accident victims into a equipped group and non- equipped group. As a result, all differences in fatality rates, injury rates and injury severities mingled with groups were attributed to helmet use. These comparisons failed to consider other differences amidst helmet users and non-users which influence the probability of death and the severity of injuries. The writers hypothesis was that helmeted riders were more risk-averse and and then (1) had lower pre-crash and thus crash speeds and (2) were less likely to admit alcohol consumption and driving (Goldstein, 1986).This de tective surmised that the behaviors of riders might make the difference between the probability of fatality and severity of an injury vs. the wearing of a helmet being the deciding factor. A study conducted by the University health check place at Brackenridge in Austin, Texas aimed to get a line risk factors leading to riding and crashing a motorcycle without a helmet and to compare outcomes of helmeted vs. unhelmeted motorcyclists involved in a motorcycle crash. This retrospective study took place over a 13-year period and employmented the epitome of the trauma registry at the medical checkup center.Data was collected regarding pre-injury characteristics such as the use of protective helmet, age, Motorcycle Helmet Laws 7 gender, ethnicity, redress status, blood alcohol case and whether the patient was the driver or the passenger. once more, the research conducted (above) delves into the data related to cycle crashes after the fact. And, as the majority of studies that reli ed on numbers and formulas concluded, unhelmeted riding was associated with more severe injuries, longer hospitalizations, increased mortality and higher(prenominal) hospital charges.The conclusions of this particular report pointed to three basic factors which were a departure from typical research findings. These analysts determined that independent predictors of riding without a helmet included alcohol intoxication, lack of health insurance and riding as a passenger (Brown, 2011). Some of these conclusions make sense and might seem to be obvious. One can easily encounter how alcohol consumption would be a risk factor in collisions on motorcycles, as it decreases reaction time and lends itself to disinhibition on many levels.The subject of health insurance led to questions by the author of this paper. How does not having health insurance influence my decision regarding wearing a helmet? Final notations of the writing declare that education and prevention strategies should be targ eted at these high-risk populations. It would be matter to to determine how to locate this particular group to target for education and prevention. What ultimate remainder did these researchers have in conducting this study? This student ponders that question and questions the validity of their closing statements.interpreted together, the results indicate that mandatory helmet use laws do increase the number of motorcyclists who wear helmets while riding, thus showing a decrease in serious injury and/or fatality. The threat of being ticketed along with the probability of receiving a fine appear to be the determining Motorcycle Helmet Laws 8 factors as to whether or not a rider wears a helmet. The great majority of studies conducted were quantifiable in nature and focused in the first place on reviewing summaries of statistics from state reports written by various law enforcement officials.The writer of this schoolbook deemed that there may have been limitations in these particu lar summaries. There were several studies that appeared to employ a more qualitative methodology, however, close to findings appeared to indicate the possibility of the researcher having some type of stake in the results of the evaluation, such as the project being funded by an entity that drafts insurance rates for motor vehicles. The general impression of the qualitative results was that those that chose to delve into this print came to the realization that many factors contribute to the incidence of injury and death caused by motorcycle collisions.It is important to understand that the ultimate decision as to wearing a helmet while riding vs. not wearing one is the burden of the rider and not of the government. distributively rider must take into account those mitigating factors that might influence the success or failure of each ride on his or her motorcycle. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 References Auman, Kimberly M Kufera, Joseph A Ballesteros, Michael F Smialek, John E Disching er, Patricia (2002). Autopsy study of motorcyclist fatalities The Effect of the 1992 physician Helmet Use Law.American ledger of customary wellness 92. 8, August 2002 1352-5. Brown, Carlos V. R. , MD, FACS Hijl, Kelli, MSC Bui, Eric, MD Tips, Gaylen, RN, MSN Coopwood, Ben, MD, FACS (2010). adventure Factors for Riding and Crashing a Motorcycle Unhelmeted. Department of Surgery, Trauma Services, University Medical Center at Brackenridge, Austin, Texas. Cotton, Paul (1992). Highway line Threat Is No Easy torment For Motorcycle Law Opponents. The Journal of the American Medical Association 268. 3, July 15, 1992, p. 311. Derrick, Allison J Faucher, lee D.(2009).Motorcycle Helmets and Rider Safety A Legislative Crisis. Journal of humankind Health Policy30. 2 226-42. Eustace, Deogratias, P. E. , M. ASCE Krishna Indupuru, Vamsi, Hovey, Peter (2011). Identification of Risk Facors Associated with Motorcycle-Related Fatalities in Ohio. Journal of Transportation engineering science/Ju ly 2011, 120-125. Goldstein, Jonathan P, PhD (2011). The Effect of Motorcycle Helmet Use on the Probability of Fatality and the Severity of dot and Neck Injuries Highlights of Helmet Effectiveness Study.The Journal of tweak Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 441-446. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 Houston, David J. , PhD Richardson, Lilliard E, Jr. , PhD (November 2007). Motorcycle Safety and the remove of Universal Helmet Laws, American Journal of Public Health, 97. 11, 2063-9. Kraus, Jeff F. , MPH, PhD Peek, Corinne, MPH McArthur, David L. , PhD, MPH Williams, Allan, PhD (1995). The Effect of the 1992 calcium Motorcycle Helmet Use Law on Motorcycle Crash Fatalities and Injuries.American Journal of Public Health, January 1995, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 96 100. McCartt, Ann T. Blanar, Laura Teoh, Eric R. Strouse, Laura M. (1994). Overview of cycle in the United States A National Telephone Survey, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 42, pp. 177-184. ONeill, James MD Scott, Charry, RRT Kissoon, Niranjan, MD Wludyka, Peter, PHD Wears, Robert, MD Luten, Robert, MD (2007). Characteristics of Motorcycle-Related Hospitalizations Comparing States with Different Helmet Laws. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39, Issue 1, 190-196.