options on company telephone services :: essays research papers

Introduction There are many different options companies have when decided on what type if telephone service to use. The size and needs of the company will usually determine the communications needed to run an organized operation. Another factor in choosing what type of telecommunications a company will need is what type of business does the company deal with. For example, is the company a telemarketing service, a customer service company for bank, or a consulting firm; plus, what are the majority of calls pertaining to and the time frame of each call? Are the telephone calls from customers needing to know where the nearest bank or ATM is or are they important clients wanting an estimate on a construction project that is underway. These are a few of the important items to look over before choosing the telecommunication that are right for you company. I work at a company called VTN Nevada. It is an engineering, survey, architecture, planning, and construction management consulting firm. We do consulting work for many large companies in Las Vegas Valley. We do a lot of communicating with clients, construction project manager, and the entities, such as, City of Las Vegas, City of Henderson, City of North Las Vegas, Clark County, and Nye County. The need for good communication is mandatory in order to get the project done to the clients desires, as well as, meeting the needs of the entities that the projects are located within. VTN Nevada uses many different forms of communications from conference calls to e-mails, but nothing is better than a face to face meeting in order to straight out major issues. Body The system that is currently in place at VTN Nevada is the PBX, otherwise known as Private Branch eXchange. The PBX allows VTN to create extensions to connect to each other, as well as, to the public network. The system is set up to allow a person to dial the main office line and get the first receptionist, Rita. Rita, will then direct the caller to the person that they are trying to reach. If the caller wants to contact one of the directors of the company, they will be transferred to the director secretary, Marti. Then, Marti will transfer the caller to the intended recipient of the call, take a message, or transfer the caller to the intended’s voice mail. Rita will at the main number has the same

Organization And Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Control is the process of assuring the efficient accomplishment of enterprise objectives. In the turbulent environment faced by management, power and control is necessary to anticipate problems, measure performance against standards, take corrective actions for deviations from plans and if necessary, modify plans. The term control may have some negative connotations for some. In the management process, it is a facilitating function aiding the organization to accomplish the set objectives. The primary responsibility for exercising control rests with management at HQ division with the execution of plans. In an organization, control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plans adopted, the instructions issued and principles established. Its object is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence. It operates on everything, things, people, and actions. It is wrong to assume that only top management has the responsibility for power and control and that there is little need for control at lower levels of management. While the scope for control may vary to some extent depending upon the position of an employee in the hierarchy, all those who have responsibility for the execution of plans need to exercise control too. M/s Engineering Products is an engineering company, based in UK, manufacturing mechanical tools for various industrial manufactures .Due to the marketing trend and policy change, the company sometime in 1980 did some major deviations by closing and selling some units and presently in the trade of defense, industrial services and auto parts. The company is in the line of exporting components to different countries. It has processed for expansion, 50% of the employees are stationed in Western Europe and North America. Bulk of the sales is taken care by Western Europe and America and a very small portion by UK. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The major prerequisites of control are two: a plan and a structure. a) Plan: controls must be based on plan. The more clear and complete the plans are the more effective controls can be; plans become the standards by which the actions are measured. b) Structure: There is need for a structure to know where the responsibility rests for deviations and corrective action, if any needed. As in the case of plans, the more clear and complete the organization structure is, the more effective control can be. Controls, to be effective, should share the following basic characteristics: Appropriate: Controls should correspond to an organization’s plans. Controls designed for a Management Executive are inappropriate for a supervisor Strategic: Control should serve a strategic purpose and provide spotlight on positive and negative exceptions at critical points. Acceptable: Controls will not work unless people want them to. They should be acceptable to those to whom they apply. Reliable and objective: Controls should be accurate and unbiased. If they are unreliable and subjective, people will resent them. THE POWER AND CONTROL PROCESS In the Engineering Products the control process used  Ã‚     involves three steps: (a) establishing standards. (b) measuring performance against these standards, and (c) reinforcing success/correcting deviations. a) Establishing Standards: Standards mean criteria of performance. Standards may be of many kinds and include verifiable goals set in qualitative or quantitative terms. Engineering Products has established standards in areas such as: (a) Profitability (b) Productivity (c) Market Share (d) Worker Performance (e) Innovation (f) Social Responsibility Standards are based on past performance, managerial judgment or scientific analysis. Standards are used to measure performance and judge success or failure. b) Measuring of Performance: Essentially, it is a comparison between â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what should be† the performance. Ideally, measurement should be done on a forward-looking basis to predict probable deviations from standards rather than merely be used as a post mortem exercise. c) Reinforcing Success/Correcting Deviations: When plans and organization structures are clear, it is easy to reinforce success and avoid failures. When deviations are noticed or apprehended based on warning signs, the reasons can be analyzed and appropriate corrective actions taken promptly. LITERATURE REVIEW POLICIES AND DESIGN CHOICES IN CONTROL Engineering Products are following three options in exercising control: centralization or delegation formal or informal direct or indirect preferences for one or a mix of all options are matters of judgment. Each option has relevance in a particular situation Centralization or Delegation Centralization is an approach where control is exercised by the HQ or the top management group.   Thus, functional autonomy will be lacking at operating levels. Delegation, on the contrary, manifests transfer of decision-making authority downward and outward within the formal structure. Sometimes, decision-making power is transferred downwards in a hierarchy prescribing limits on the scope and type of decisions. Centralized Control: makes it easier to coordinate the activities of various subunits/departments in an organization. seeks to achieve balance among various functions because the top management can be expected to have a broad organization-wide perspective. proves more useful because control will be in the hands of senior, experienced top executives. is necessary to meet extraordinary situations. is economical since duplication in activities and resource use can be avoided. Delegation and decentralization too have positive features: they relieve the top management from overload. motivate individuals to give better performance due to opportunities for individual freedom, discretion and control. contribute to the personal and professional development of managers.†¢ people at operating Direct or Indirect There are two ways of controlling. One way is to supervise subordinates’ activities closely, trace deviations to the persons responsible and get them to correct their practices. This is called indirect control The other way is to develop high quality managers who will properly understand and apply managerial principles, functions, techniques and philosophy, make few mistakes and initiate corrective actions, wherever necessary, themselves. This is called direct control. The higher the quality of managers and their subordinates, the less will be the need for indirect controls. Conflict and Negotiation Life is a never ending process of one conflict after another. Conflict has always been widespread in society but it is only recently that it has generated a lot of interest and has been the focus of research and study. Employees have become more vociferous in their demands for a better deal. Various departments in an organization face a situation full of conflicts due to a number of reasons like goal diversity, scarcity of resources or task interdependence etc. Negotiation is an attempt to find a solution that reconciles or integrates the needs of both parties who work together to define the problem and to identify mutually satisfactory solutions. In negotiation, there is open expression of feelings as well as exchange of task-related information. The most critical ingredients in successful negotiation are: 1 Definition of the problem should be a joint effort based on shared fact finding. 2 Problems should be stated in terms of specifics. 3 Discussions between the groups should consist of specific, non-evaluative comments and questions should be asked to elicit information. 4The groups should work together in developing alternative solutions. 5All agreements about separate issues should he considered tentative.   Without trust, each group will fear manipulation and may not reveal its true preferences. Secondly, integrative problem solving takes a lot of time and can succeed only in the absence of pressure for a quick settlement. Direct control hastens corrective actions, lightens the burden caused by indirect control and subordinates feel less concerned about superior’s subjectivity in rating their performance because in indirect control one would feel a close relationship between performance and measurement. METHODOLOGY The central HR function at Engineering Products had been placed on a different platform after the other units placed at different places are moving towards international integration. integration. A system is being formed for interaction of different managers of different units and how international postings to be managed HR department at HQ office desires to play a more forceful role rather than doing only doing routine administrative work. The Dynamics of Personnel/Human Resource Management (P/HRM) is a dynamic discipline as it mostly deals with ever-changing work settings, characterized by people having varied cultural, social and religious backgrounds, diverse goals, multifarious expectations and attitudes. The personnel scene itself has been changing quite dramatically over the years. State regulations, competitive pressures, unionization of employees, do exert a strong influence on the way the personnel function is carried out in various organizations. Over the years, employees have become more sophisticated in their demands for high quality work environments, adequate benefits, proper training and career growth opportunities. All these factors compel human resource professionals to look for ways to improve their interactions with employees, other managers and outside groups in order to maximize worker productivity and satisfaction. Changing Role of Human Resource in View of Social Factors: A number of environmental factors influence the work of HR office.They cannot perform  Ã‚   in a vacuum. These factors influence the organization through human resources. External factors separately or in combination can influence the HR function of any organization. The job of a HR manager is to balance the demands and expectations of the external groups with the internal requirements and achieve the assigned goals in an efficient and effective manner. The HR manager has to work closely with these constituent parts, understand the internal dynamics properly and devise ways and means to survive and progress. Local and State Factors State is the custodian of industrial and economic activities. The emergence of problems on the industrial front in the form of trade union movement, failure of many employers to deal fairly with workers, non-fulfillment of plan targets forced the states to intervene in human resource management and to enact various pieces of labor legislation.    Unions Unions have also gained strength. At present, these organizations constitute one of the power blocks in many countries. With the formation and recognition of these organizations, the issues relating to employee interests are no longer determined by the unilateral actions of management. These have to be discussed with union representatives invariably.   In consequence, the scope of managerial discretion in personnel activities has been narrowed down. Changing Work Values   Organizations must now advance from general affirmation and enthusiasm for the career development of their personnel to greater precision. The concepts and goals development programmes must be more precise, more widely understood, reflected in formal policy statements and translated into institutional and personnel practice. Alienation from the job, increasing counter-productive behavior, rising expectations and changing ideas of employees are some of the other factors responsible for the changing values and roles of human force. Consequently it has become imperative for the management to include  Ã‚   benefits to improve morale, introduce a machinery to redress grievances, encourage employee participation in decision-making and the like to pave the way for industrial betterment and to meet the ever increasing demands of workforce. Culture In Organization Every organization has some characteristics which are common with any other organization. At the same time, each organization has its unique set of characteristics and properties. This psychological structure of organization and their sub-units is usually referred to as Organizational Culture. Organizational culture is a relatively enduring quality of the internal environment that is experienced by the members, influences their behavior, and can be described in terms of values of a particular set of characteristics of the organization. Organizational culture is the set of characteristics that describe an organization and that (a) distinguish one organization from other organizations; (b) are relatively enduring over time and (c) influence the behavior of the people in the organization. Organizational Culture is a relatively uniform perception held of the organization, it has common characteristics, it is descriptive, it can distinguish one organization from another and it integrates individual, group and organization system variables. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE. Organization structure refers to the formal, established pattern of relationships amongst the various parts of a firm or any organization. The fact that these relationships are formal implies that they are deliberately specified and adopted and do not evolve on their own. Of course, it may sometimes happen that given an unusual situation, new working relationships may evolve and which may later be adopted as representing the formal structure.   Only when relationships are clearly spelled out and accepted by everyone, can they be considered as constituting a structure. This does not mean that once established, there can be no change in these relationships. Changes may be necessary with passage of time and change of circumstances, but frequent and erratic changes are to be avoided. References Peters, Thomas, J. and Waterman, Robert H., 1999. Management of Development Programmes, Harper and Row: New York. Elbing, A.1998. Behavioral Decisions in Organizations, Scott Foresman: Glenview. P.0.1991. A Stud .of Decision Making Job Choice. MIT Press: Cambridge. Vroom, V.1-I and Yetton, P.W.1997. Organisational Leadership and Decision Making. University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh. Barnard, C.l.l997. The Functions of the Executive. Harvard University Press: Cambridge. Behling, 0, and Schriesheim, C. 1996. Organisational Behavior. Theory, Research and Application. Allyn and Bacon: Boston. Elbing, A.1988. Behavioral Decisions in Organizations, Scott Foresman: Glenview. Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.W.1983. Leadership and Decision Making. University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh. Stephin Robbins. et al. Action-research as applied to Development, in Organization Development and Research (Ed. Wendell L French et al) Business Publications Inc., Dallas (1998). Eager G., Change Agent Skills: Assessing and Designing Excellence, University Associates California (1998). Fohman, Mark.A. et al. Action-research as applied to Development, in Organization Development and Research (Ed. Wendell L French et al) Business Publications Inc., Dallas (1998). Chris Argyris, Management and Organization Development: The Path form X4 to YB, McGraw Hill, New York (1991). Beckhard, R. Harris, R. T Organization transitions: Managing Complex Changes, Addison Wesley (1997). Cascio, W.F., Fundamentals of Modern Organisations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,1992 Purecell J.,Boxall P., Organisational Management, Plagrave, Macmillan, New York,2003

Couric Family Tree - Ancestry of Katie Couric

1. Katherine Anne (Katie) COURIC was born on 7 Jan 1957 in Arlington, Va. Second Generation 2. John Martin COURIC Jr.  was born on 28 Aug 1920 in Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga. He married Elinor HENE married on 26 Jan 1944 in Chicago, Cook Co., Ill. 3. Elinor HENE  was born on 30 Jun 1923 in Omaha, Douglas Co., Nebr. John Martin COURIC Jr. and Elinor HENE had the following children: i. Emily COURIC was born on 5 Jun 1947 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, and died of pancreatic cancer on 18 Oct 2001 in Charlottesville, Albemarle County, Virginia. ii. Clara (Kiki) COURIC (living) iii. John Martin COURIC III (living) 1 iv. Katherine Anne (Katie) COURIC Third Generation 4. John Martin COURIC  was born on 19 Jan 1886 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 13 Apr 1947 in Laurens Co., Ga.  He married Wildie Churchill HIBBLER on 11 Jan 1912  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 5. Wildie Churchill HIBBLER  was born on 5 Jul 1886 in Miss.  and died in Apr 1974 in Arlington, Va.  She was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. John Martin COURIC and Wildie Churchill HIBBLER had the following children: i. Charlotte COURIC  was born about 1914 in Georgia.2 ii. John Martin COURIC Jr. 6. Berthold B. (Bert) HENE  was born on 18 Jun 1890 in Burlington, Des Moines Co., Iowa.  He worked as an architect  and described himself as medium height and build, with grey eyes and black hair.  He married Clara L. FROHSIN. 7. Clara L. FROHSIN  was born on 8 Jan 1898 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 20 Nov 1987 in Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga. Berthold B. (Bert) HENE and Clara L. FROHSIN had the following children: 3 i. Elinor HENEii. Bert HENE Jr.  was born about 1926 in Nebraska. Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Generations 1-3 8. Alfred Alexis COURIC was born on 20 Feb 1843 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 17 Dec 1917 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY on 20 Dec 1871 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 9. Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY was born on 18 Apr 1850 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 9 Jan 1900 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama. Alfred Alexis COURIC and Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY had the following children: i. Mollie Shorter COURIC was born on 2 May 1873 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 24 Apr 1947 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.ii. Alfred Alexis (Lex) COURIC was born on 11 May 1876 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 23 May 1941 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.iii. Katherine Kolb COURIC was born on 18 Jan 1878 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 6 May 1936.iv. William McKleroy (Roy) COURIC was born on 25 Jun 1880 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 12 Sep 1918 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.v. Sarah Pauline COURIC was born on 3 Feb 1882 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 11 Sep 1954 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.vi. Charles Mathuron COURIC was born in 1884 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. an d died in 1934 in Dawson, Ga.4 vii. John Martin COURICviii. Junius Battle COURIC was born on 28 Jun 1889 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 3 Nov 1968 in Miami, Dade Co., Fla.ix. Edmonson Shorter COURIC was born on 5 Jan 1891 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 23 Aug 1953 in Miami, Dade Co., Fla.x. Martha Gill COURIC died at the age of 7 months, 1 day  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 10. James Edmund HIBBLER  was born on 20 Sep 1847 in Alabama and died on 25 Feb 1921. He married Ida Hill IVY on 2 Mar 1871 in Noxubee Co., Miss. 11. Ida Hill IVY  was born on 5 Dec 1849 in Mississippi and died on 5 May 1927. James Edmund HIBBLER and Ida Hill IVY had the following children: i. Carrie B. HIBBLER  was born about 1871 in Noxubee Co., Miss. ii. Fannie HIBBLER  was born about Apr 1873 in Mississippi. iii. James S. HIBBLER  was born about 1874 in Noxubee Co., Miss. iv. Robert HIBBLER  was born about 1876 in Noxubee Co., Miss. v. Mary A. HIBBLER  was born about 1879 in Noxubee Co., Miss. vi. Lottie J. HIBBLER  was born about Mar 1882 in Mississippi. 5 vii. Wildie Churchill HIBBLER viii. Laura HIBBLER  was born about Oct 1890 in Mississippi. 12. Aaron HENE  was born about Oct 1848 in Bavaria.  He immigrated about 1864-1865 to the United States  and was naturalized in 1893.  He worked as a cigar maker  and married Matilda MEYER about 1883. 13. Matilda MEYER  was born about Aug 1862 in Germany.  She immigrated in 1874  or 1889  to the United States and was naturalized in 1893. Aaron HENE and Matilda MEYER had the following children: 6 i. Berthold B. (Bert) HENEii. Robert D. HENE  was born about Mar 1899 in Nebraska. 14. Isaac FROHSIN was born on 2 Aug 1865 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 26 Dec 1922 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. He is buried on 28 Dec 1922 in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. Isaac married Emma HAGEDORN on 10 Feb 1897 in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. 15. Emma HAGEDORN was born on 4 Aug 1865 in Giershagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 13 Apr 1946 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. She is buried in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. Isaac FROHSIN and Emma HAGEDORN had the following children: 7 i. Clara L. FROHSINii. Leon FROHSIN was born on 5 Jan 1899 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 6 Nov 1973 in Fulton Co., Ga.iii. Ralph FROHSIN was born on 24 Aug 1902 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 13 Oct 1994 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala.iv. Lewis FROHSIN was born on 16 Apr 1906 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 8 Aug 1977 in Fulton Co., Ga. Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Generations 1-3 16. Charles Mathuron COURIC was born on 24 Nov 1817 in Laurient, France  and died on 19 May 1861 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE about 1839 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 17. Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE was born on 10 Aug 1805 in Saintes, France  and died on 22 Nov 1873 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. Charles Mathuron COURIC and Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE had the following children: i. Lucien COURIC was born about 1841 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died about 1898 in Wetumka, Ala.8 ii. Alfred Alexis COURICiii. Frances Elizabeth COURIC was born about 1845 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 1 Jan 1900 in Union Springs, Ala.iv. Alida Mathilde COURIC was born on 25 Oct 1847 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 14 Mar 1933 in Mobile, Ala. 18. Captain William Henry MCKLEROY was born unknown. He married Martha Gill SHORTER. 19. Martha Gill SHORTER was born about 21 Sep 1821 in Pass Christian, La.  and died on 6 Sep 1855. Captain William Henry MCKLEROY and Martha Gill SHORTER had the following children: i. Emily Francis MCKLEROYii. John Martin MCKLEROYiii. William Henry MCKLEROY IIiv. Mittie MCKLEROYv. Mary MCKLEROY9 vi. Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROYvii. Reuben S. MCKLEROY died in Sep 1855 in Pass Christian, La. 20. James Lawrence HIBBLER was born on 24 Nov 1812 in Edgefield Co., S.C. and died on 20 Mar 1880. He married Mary Ann AMASON on 9 Feb 1838 in Sumter Co., Ala. 21. Mary Ann AMASON was born on 19 Aug 1819 in N.C. James Lawrence HIBBLER and Mary Ann AMASON had the following children: i. Laura Jane HIBBLER was born on 10 Dec 1838 in Sumter Co., Ala.ii. Infant HIBBLER was born in 1840 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died in 1840 in Sumter Co., Ala.iii. Thomas William HIBBLER was born on 15 Aug 1842 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 3 Oct 1857 in Sumter Co., Ala.iv. Robert HIBBLER was born on 10 Nov 1845 in Sumter Co., Ala.10 v. James Edmund HIBBLERvi. Infant HIBBLER was born on 10 Dec 1849 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 10 Dec 1849 in Sumter Co., Ala.vii. Infant HIBBLER was born on 15 Dec 1851 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 15 Dec 1851 in Sumter Co., Ala.viii. Mary Frances HIBBLER was born on 11 Aug 1852 in Sumter Co., Ala. 22. Bird IVY  was born on 5 Mar 1812 in Warrenton Co., Ga. and died on 8 May 1884 in Pickens Co., Ala. He married Caroline Jemima COCKRELL and is buried in 1884 in Old Memphis Cemetery, Cochrane, Pickens Co., Ala. 23. Caroline Jemima COCKRELL  was born on 5 Oct 1827 in S.C. and died on 30 Nov 1895 in Noxubee Co., Miss. She is buried in 1895 in Odd Fellows Cemetery, Macon, Noxubee Co., Miss. Bird IVY and Caroline Jemima COCKRELL had the following children: i. Thomas William IVY was born about 1846 in Noxubee Co., Miss.11 ii. Ida Hill IVYiii. Charlotte Gibson IVY was born about 1851 in Ala.iv. Jesse Churchill IVY23 was born about 1854 in Miss.v. Jeremiah A. IVY was born about 1856 in Miss.vi. Carrie Moore IVY was born on 15 Jun 1860 in Noxubee Co., Miss.vii. Fannie Barrett IVY was born on 18 Sep 1861 in Miss. 24. Wolfgang HENE was born about 1814 in Geinsheim, Germany He married Mahle (Mable?) UNKNOWN. 25. Mahle (Mable?) UNKNOWN  was born about 1813 in Bavaria. Wolfgang HENE and Mahle (Mable?) had the following children: i. Isaac HENE  was born about Mar 1838 in Geinsheim, Germany and died on 14 Mar 1905 in Cook Co., Illinois.  He immigrated in 1863 to the United States  and worked as a vegetable peddler in Chicago.ii. Simon HENE was born on 15 Feb 1843 in Geinsheim, Rhein Pfalz, Germany  and died on 25 Mar 1895.  He is buried in the Jewish Cemetery, Burlington, Des Moines Co., Iowa.iii. Charles HENE  was born on 12 Dec 1844 in Geinsheim, Germany  and died on 3 Jun 1901 in Colorado.  He was a cigar manufacturer in Chicago, Cook Co., Ill.  and is buried in Fairmount Cemetery, Denver, Colo. 12 iv. Aaron HENE v. Bertha HENE  was born about 1854 in Bavaria.vi. Blondiso (Blondie) HENE  was born about Jul 1873 in Germany. She immigrated in 1885 to the United States. 26. MEYER was born and had the following children: 13 i. Matilda MEYERii. Freda MEYER  was born about 1873 in Germany. Fifth Generation Continued Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Fifth Generation, Part One Fifth Generation, Continued 28. Solomon FROHSIN was born about 1838 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. He married Julia LEVINSOHN. 29. Julia LEVINSOHN was born. Solomon FROHSIN and Julia LEVINSOHN had the following children: i. Jonas FROHSIN was born on 27 Aug 1856 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 23 Apr 1949 in New York, N.Y. He is buried in Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga.ii. Ida FROHSIN was born on 27 Aug 1857 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died in 1938.iii. Abraham FROHSIN was born on 20 May 1864 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 14 Apr 1942 in New York, N.Y. He is buried on 17 Apr 1942 in Mt. Sinai Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa.14 iv. Isaac FROHSINv. Cecelia FROHSIN was born on 28 Sep 1869 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 15 Jun 1949 in Philadelphia, Pa. She is buried on 17 Jun 1949 in Mt. Sinai Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa. 30. Abraham HAGEDORN was born on 26 Oct 1819 and died on 15 May 1908. He married Clara ROSENBAUM. 31. Clara ROSENBAUM was born on 10 May 1825 and died on 19 Apr 1897. She is buried in Giershagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. Abraham HAGEDORN and Clara ROSENBAUM had the following children: 15 i. Emma HAGEDORN Sixth Generation 38. Reuben Clarke SHORTER Sr was born on 13 Feb 1787 in Culpepper Co., Va.  and died on 14 Jul 1853 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Mary Butler GILL on 31 May 1812 in Jasper Co., Ga. 39. Mary Butler GILL was buried in Shorter Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. Reuben Clarke SHORTER Sr and Mary Butler GILL had the following children: i. Sarah Elizabeth SHORTERii. Emily Frances SHORTER was born on 15 Aug 1816  and died on 13 May 1839.iii. John Gill SHORTER was born on 23 Apr 1818 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga.  and died on 29 May 1872.  He was the Alabama Civil War Governor.19 iv. Martha Gill SHORTERv. Eli Sims SHORTER was born on 15 Mar 1823 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga.  and died on 29 Apr 1879 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.vi. Reuben Clark SHORTER Jr. was born on 22 Jan 1825 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga. and died on 14 May 1853 in Montgomery, Montgomery Co., Ala. He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Montgomery Co., Ala.vii. William James SHORTER was born on 28 Oct 1826  and died on 2 Oct 1839.viii. Mary Butler SHORTER was born about 1828.ix. Sophia Herndon SHORTER was born on 22 May 1830  and died on 18 Mar 1850.  She is buried in Shorter Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.x. Sampson Slaughter SHORTER was born on 23 Sep 1834  and died on 29 Oct 1840.  He is buried in Shorter Cemeter y, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.xi. Henry Russell SHORTER was born about 1833 in Jasper Co., Ga. and died in 1898.xii. Laura Maria SHORTER 40. Jacob HIBBLER was born in 1762 and died in 1835. He married Virginia BELCHER. 41. Virginia BELCHER was born on 26 Aug 1774 in Greenwich, Sussex Co., N.J. and died in 1824. Jacob HIBBLER and Virginia BELCHER had the following children: 20 i. James Lawrence HIBBLER 56. Louis FROHSIN married UNKNOWN. Louis FROHSIN had the following children: 28 i. Solomon FROHSIN Prepared by Kimberly Powell, January 2006 Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation

The Importance Of A Being Without Faults Essay - 2233 Words

Intro: Perfection. The idea of a being without faults has always been a goal for humanity, and for the longest time, the goal has seemed like nothing more than an unattainable dream. However, with the recent advances in technology and engineering, the dream may be closer than we think. Genetic engineering has become a powerful advancement in today’s technology-based world. Today’s scientists and engineers have begun work on methods to manipulate the DNA of a person in order to, in a way, â€Å"customize† the traits and characteristics of a human. This is admittedly, a huge step forward for engineering. However, the issue now rests with whether or not we should be committing such an act. What are the benefits of such engineering? Is it ethical to manipulate the DNA of an unborn child? And what are the repercussions that may arise from such advanced technology and engineering? As with any issue, a variety of views exist on both sides of the argument. These are the issues that are explored in the face of humanity’s possible first step towards perfection. Background: Nowadays, with our continuous advancements in technology and engineering, the idea of genetic modifications is no mystery. A well known example of genetic engineering is found in the very food that we eat. We know this as genetically modified organisms or GMO’s as noted in Matthew Liao’s research paper titled, â€Å"Selecting Children: The Ethics of Reproductive Genetic Engineering.† However, GMO’s have been placed underShow MoreRelatedMarriage Should Not Be A Sacred Thing1341 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce has become way to common; we need to reestablish the sacredness of marriage and the importance of family. There are two types of divorces, a no fault and an at fault. No fault divorces mean that the person filing does not have to prove fault on their spouse. 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Essay on Kate Chopins novella, The Awakening - 870 Words

Kate Chopins novella, The Awakening In Kate Chopins novella, The Awakening, the reader is introduced into a society that is strictly male-dominated where women fill in the stereotypical role of watching the children, cooking, cleaning and keeping up appearances. Writers often highlight the values of a certain society by introducing a character who is alienated from their culture by a trait such as gender, race or creed. In Chopins Awakening, the reader meets Edna Pontellier, a married woman who attempts to overcome her fate, to avoid the stereotypical role of a woman in her era, and in doing so she reveals the surrounding societys assumption and moral values about women of Ednas time. Edna helps to reveal the†¦show more content†¦Edna breaks the rules when she stops taking care of the house and stops showing up for her tea parties each Tuesday night. Leonce is shocked by this when he exclaims: Why, what could have taken you out on Tuesday? What did you have to do?...Why, my dear, I should think youd understand by this time that people dont do such things; weve got to observe les convenances if we ever expect to get on and keep up the procession. Leonces feelings about Ednas lack of interest in her supposed duties are clearly presented in his statement. He wants her to conform to what society expects of her. By deciding not to partake in her duties as a wife, and in wanting to do something for herself, Edna expresses the assumptions that society has for her to carry out her wife-like obligations. Ednas acquaintances all share similar moral values. The women around her feel that they should be completely devoted to their wifely duties, and that they should be loyal to their husband at all times. The narrator describs them: It was easy to know them ...They were women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands. . . Madame Ratignolle was, quote, the embodiment of every womanly grace and charm. Their simplistic and meaningless morals are made more clear when compared to Ednas devotion to her ownShow MoreRelatedChona And The Ocean In Kate Chopins The Awakening1027 Words   |  5 Pagespurity, danger and excitement. It is vast, sustaining many forms of life, but it also has the power to take life away: the ocean is symbolic of creation and destruction. In Kate Chopin’s novella, The Awakening, many important scenes are set the ocean. Edna Pontellier experiences and reflects the dual power of the ocean in the novella, through childlike activities such as, learning to swim and a rebirth, but also in more powerful experiences, like committing suicide in the final scene. Chopin uses imageryRead MoreThe Awakening: Edna Pontellier as a Believable Character Apart from Feminist Symbol776 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening†, her most famous novella, was written in 1 899 and is widely regarded as one of the earliest American works that earnestly focuses on women’s issues and ideals. Chopins novel captures the essence of the struggle for freedom, equality, and independence in which women have been formally engaged for almost 150 years. In Edna Pontellier we find a woman that goes beyond being a symbol for freedom and the pursuit of female independence, but a complex individual coming to termsRead MoreThe Symbolism Of Birds Throughout Chopin s The Awakening1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe Symbolism of Birds in Chopin’s The Awakening In the 1899 novella, The Awakening, Kate Chopin illustrates the social oppression that women experienced during the Victorian Era (1837-1901). The protagonist in the novella, Edna Pontellier, reflects the progressive women of the late 1800s who began to question the traditional gender roles of society. In contrast to customary women such as Adele Ratignolle, the model character in the story who displays very high standards of being a wife and a motherRead MoreEdna Pontellier and Elizabeth Bennet: Challenge of 19th Century Conventional Methods1344 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin and Jane Austen could readily be referred to as literary heroines of the nineteenth century. Both women often challenged conventional societal methods within their works, which inherently caused these literary geniuses to write in complete secrecy. Chopin and Austen gave birth to characters such as Edna Pontellier in The Awakening, and Elizabeth Bennett, the renowned protagonist of Austen’s novella Pr ide and Prejudice. While noble in their respective ways one can easily mistake Edna andRead More The Awakening Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesto the fact that an author is able to convey his/her message clearer and include things in the book that cannot be exhibited in a movie. For this reason, the reader of the book is much more effected than the viewer of the film. In the novella, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, there is much more evidence of symbolism as well as deeper meaning than in the movie version of the book, Grand Isle. Chopin conveys her symbolic messages through the main character’s newly acquired ability to swim, through theRead MoreThe Awakening Of Women s Rights2106 Words   |  9 Pages The Awakening of Women’s Rights Women’s rights have evolved from being housewives to obtaining careers, receiving an education, and gaining the right to vote. The feminist movement created all these historic changes for women. This movement was highly controversial and it fought to set up equal rights for women. Women’s groups worked together to win women’s suffrage and later to create the Equal Rights Amendment. The economic boom in 1917 and the early 1960s brought many women into the workplaceRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1563 Words   |  7 Pages The Awakening by Kate Chopin The title of Kate Chopin’s novella is significant and full of enriched symbols that reflect Edna’s Awakening. Edna is waking up her understanding of herself as an individual. Not as a mother nor a wife, but who she is as a woman and a sexual being. Throughout the novel, there are a few distinct types of awakenings; from her awakening to herself as an artist, realizing that she can have her own opinion over what kind of music she liked, and the most important, Edna realizedRead MoreKate Chopin And Virginia Woolf s A Room Of One s Own Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesThrough their works, Kate Chopin and Virginia Woolf were able to portray a certain relationship between women and society. While some literary pieces are optimistic towards women, others are not. In this case, The Awakening, a novella written by Kate Chopin, focuses on the inner battle that the main character Edna faces throughout her life. On the other hand, Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own, discusses ideas related to gender inequality. Both women seem to be facing inner turmoil that correlatesRead MoreHouses as Motif: Kate Chopins the Awakening2783 Words   |  12 PagesMotifs in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening Linda Catte Dr. Kathryn Warren ENGL 2329: American Literature March 22, 2012 (KateChopin.org.) (Krantz’s Grand Isle Hotel Picture of painting by Tracy Warhart Plaisance) (Reflechir: Vol.1. Les images des prairies tremblantes: 1840-1940 by Chà ©nià ¨re Hurricane Centennial Committee) It is not new or unique that an individual is looking for one’s purpose and meaning in life. Nor is it unique that men and women imitate the norms of society. In Kate Chopin’s novellaRead MoreThe Awakening And Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1288 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s feminist novella The Awakening and Henrik Ibsen’s iconic play A Doll’s House both follow strong female protagonists who deal with abusive relationships, difficult situations, and self-realization. A main theme seen in both works is that of self-awareness and the journey to find one’s self while they deal with conflicting relationships between themselves and other characters. Although Robert M. Adams’ identification of personality clashes is evident in both works, his interpretation

Debt Hinders Development of Poor Countries free essay sample

The economy of the country is also undermined since all the sectors of the economy including health sector, education sector, agricultural sector, tourism sector and other sectors are compromised for the country to repay back the debts. 2. Its leads to low capital stock This is experienced due to regular payments of debts by the developing countries. Low level of investments, low outputs from the industries and farms, low savings are also experienced due to repayments of loans.A country fails to save any money for use in profitable projects; little or no capital is accumulated for development purposes. A country fails to attract F. D. Is i. e. foreign direct investments which could bring about development processes. These investors curtail their investments in these poor countries and transfer them to safer countries hence causing capital flights. 3. Debt leads to inflation. This is the general rise in price of goods and services in a country. We will write a custom essay sample on Debt Hinders Development of Poor Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The money borrowed may exceed the supply of goods and services hence causing inflation.If a debt is not managed properly then it will affect the whole country and its production systems. These leads to loss in stability in real value of money and other monetary items. It discourages investments of savings and shortages of goods if the consumer begins hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in future. 4. Weak currencies. When a nation has a bigger debt the economy grows slowly or totally stagnates. These poor nations are asked by their trading partners to devalue their currencies to make their goods cheaper for them to buy.Devaluation of a countries currency affects the production sectors since the prices have fallen hence making it less worth to produce because the currencies of the country’s exports are weak. This leads to continuous repayment of loans since the poor country cannot access the international markets with their weak currency hence cannot get the hard currencies. 5 . Debt hinders trade. Most of the highly indebted poor countries are endowed with raw materials and other resources. Due to this presence of natural resources they have benefited from the international trade partners. So due to loan binge of the excessive debt on the poorer countries the trading partners and trading blocs shy away since they do not want to be associated with a highly indebted country. This leads to slow economic growth and development of the country since they have to trade with countries with the same features and therefore and they cannot get a lot of finances. Most of these products from developing counties are exported to developed countries.So when these poor nations are faced with high level of protectionism in the international markets they experience a sharp reduction of exports leading to unfavorable balance of payment. The developed or trading countries bring up /erect protectionist laws inform of tariffs quotas, or standard of goods hence locking out most of the primary exports from the poor countries from accessing international markets. 6 . Debts and environment. Environmental issues, poverty and debts are very much related. This is because the more the developing countries stay.Developing countries stay in debts, the more they will feel that they need to exploit the earth or natural resources for the hard cash they bring in. the poor countries also have to cut back on its social, health, endowment, conservation, employment and other important programs, cutting back on all these issues means the country will not realize development process. These are main pillars of any development process to advance. The countries development will stagnate since all the sectors necessary to steer forward have been cut back.

Ww Ll The Air War Essay Research free essay sample

Ww Ll The Air War Essay, Research Paper World War ll is one of the biggest and most remembered wars in American history. The Bombing of Germany was a large portion of the war. General Arnold wanted his service to utilize a selective bombardment technique against Germany because he considered it the most efficient manner for winning the war. He besides described it as a morally superior manner of carry oning war. In the spring of 1943, he sent his combat commanding officers a memoranda offering ethical and practical grounds for preciseness bombardment. He urged them to do certain that Army forces planes bombed every bit accurately as possible so the American circulars would non hold to put on the line their lives repeatedly to destruct marks that could be eliminated with one bomb. He besides warned his generals to avoid gratuitous injury to enemy civilians. Careless, inaccurate bombardment would distribute and escalate feelings of hatred toward other states after the war was over. We will write a custom essay sample on Ww Ll The Air War Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ( Schaffer 60-61 ) . With the successful allied landing in Western Europe and the progress of Soviet ground forcess in the East, it was clear that Germany had lost the war. But this was really different from conveying the German authorities to the point of resignation. Those who controlled the American and British air forces continued to seek for ways of utilizing air power to do Germany capitulate. Their proposals continued to include onslaughts on civilians- to interrupt their morale and interrupt their ties with Nazi leaders, to learn their lessons about the destiny of those who begin wars. Before the war American planing machines had imagined that bombing civilians at the right minute precipitate Germany # 8217 ; s collapse. ( Schaffer80 ) . One of the obstructions to direct onslaught on the German public -a deficit of planes- had stopped being a job. Nevertheless, among AAF officers and their advisers controversy persisted about proposals to destruct Germany # 8217 ; s will t o contend by assailing and terrorising the German people. ( Schaffer80 ) . In July of 1944, reacting to a determination by the British Chiefs of Staff, the Air Ministry produced an analysis of proposals for stoping the war through airial panic foraies. It examined suggestions for bombing little towns ; for foraies on several big metropoliss ; for broad spread strafing of civilian aims, such as route and railway traffic ; and for a individual desolation onslaught on Berlin. A transcript of this paper went to Washington, where General Laurence Kuter, the helper head of air staff for programs, analyzed the proposals and forced all of there deficient. ( Schaffer80 ) . The most of import factor traveling the AAF toward Douhetian war was the attitude of the states best civilian and military leaders. The main movers, some of them moved at times by other leaders and by fortunes, were Arnold, who, despite his penchant for selective bombardment, sometimes promoted less discriminate signifiers of onslaught ; Eisenhower, who would make anything to convey a fast terminal to the job ; Marshall, who wanted to set on CLARION and THUNDERCLAP and to demo the Germans traveling to Munich that their state of affairs was hopeless ; and Lovett, who felt the war should be painful and unforgettable to German civilians. ( Schaffer106 ) The explosion of atomic arms over Hiroshima and Nagasaki were an attempt by American strategic air forces to destruct about every of import metropolis in Japan. The first was the great Tokyo foray of March 9-10, 1945. The work forces who directed it hoped that incendiary air onslaught, together with precession bombardment of industrial and military together and the detonation of atomic bombardment would halt the will of the Nipponese people and destruct their states ability to contend. Optimistic that a Douhetian sort of warfare, which had non achieved the consequence the others had that were anticipated in Europe, would win in Asia, but neer knew what i t would take to do the Nipponese resignation. American planes devoted rational and physical resources to find how to take out Japans metropoliss. Some of the work forces who were toilets to these deliberations wondered at the same clip about the morality of what was being planned, but for the most portion contention about the moral issue in the American bombardment of Japan awaited the terminal of the war. ( Schaffer107 ) . When the Atomic bomb detonation stopped the Pacific air violative, planned so carefully by so many military and civilian specializers over so many old ages, American civilians and service work forces and other people throughout the universe were happy, for a awful war was stoping. But arguments had already started over the manner the United States used air power to penalize and get the better of the imperium of Japan. ( Schaffer148 ) . When people cause events to go on that are every bit of import as the devastation of the Nipponese metropoliss, it is natural to inquire how they thought about the moral issues involved. Were the Americans responsible for the manner Japan was bombed. Finding the replies to the inquiries is really difficult for the historiographers to decide. ( Schaffer149 ) . Some AAF commanding officers might take to the decision that they felt no concern about the morality of the atomic and fire bomb onslaught on Japan. General Eaken # 8217 ; s comment that he neer thought there was any moral sentiment among leaders of the AAF applied to those who directed the onslaughts against Nipponese urban centres, officers he knew good. General LeMay # 8217 ; s remarks seem to verify Eaker # 8217 ; s position. When an Air Force plebe asked him how much moral consideration affected his determinations about bombing Japan, Le May said, # 8220 ; Killing Nipponese didn # 8217 ; t bother me at this clip. It was acquiring the war over with that bothered me, so I wasn # 8217 ; t worried peculiarly about how many people we killed in acqu iring the occupation done # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. All war is immoral, and if you let it trouble oneself you, you # 8217 ; re non a good soldier ( Schaffer150. ) # 8221 ; Droping the atomic bomb caused him he said, # 8220 ; no trouble # 8221 ; . ( Schaffer150 ) . Long before the United States was forced into the war, all the pilots knew what would be expected of them. They knew that themselves and all others in active preparation or about to come in developing knew that air power could rule any military state of affairs on land or sea. They knew one time at war, Americ an air power could rule everything. Planes circulars, care crews, and a uninterrupted flow of air force supplies in fast increasing volume would hold to be provided in order to blare out the everyplace. Everywhere that had a bridgehead must be the ultimate scene for air warfare carried on largely with American equipment operated and kept serviceable by Americans. All ground forcess that they and there Allies might direct against the enemy from the beginning would necessitate some of our air power. Even the British would go on to necessitate this aid from them because they would non hold plenty air force strength of their ain. The winging work forces knew all this because they knew what winging could make and they had followed closely the tendency of the war in Europe and North Africa. Had non the bad world of ruin from the air been brought place to the universe when the German hosts controlled most of Europe with their air strength? The pilots had no trouble seeing what ballad in del ay for them. The British had been making reasonably good in North Africa for several months in the early period of 1941. Their progress against the Axis ground forcess had been followed by American chase planes and bombers, along with the few British Machines they thought they could save from other outstations of the Empire. But they underestimated Axis air strength again. ( Mingos9-10 ) . It is hard to recognize that non until August 1, 1941 did the United States prohibition cargos of air power fuel to Japan. On December 7, while her envoies really were negociating a colony of common jobs with the American Government in Washington, Japan struck withought warning and harmonizing to the most celebrated of the Axis principles for get downing a war on the same twenty-four hours against American Army and Navy bases, and neighbouring civil communities at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, Manila in the Philippines, aftermath and other islands, and against the British in Hong Kong and Malaya. At 7:5 5 a.m. on December 7, 1941, Nipponese dive bombers came over the Army Air Base, Hickam Field, and the Naval Air Station on Ford Island. A few minits before, the Nipponese had struck the Naval Air Station at Kaneohe Bay. Bare seconds subsequently. enemy torpedo planes dive bombers came in from assorted countries to assail on the heavy ships at Pear Harbor. The enemy onslaught was really successful. Torpedo planes, helped efficaciously by dive bombers, constituted the major menace of the first stage of the Nipponese onslaught, enduring about a half hr. Twenty one gunman planes made four onslaughts, and 30 dive bombers came in, in eight moving ridges during this period. Fifteen horizontal bombers besides participated in this stage of the onslaught. Although the Japanese launched their first onslaught as a surprise, battlewagon ready machine guns opened fire at one time and increasingly shot by the staying anti-aircraft batteries were firing within five proceedingss ; patrol car, with a n mean clip of four proceedingss, and destroyers, opening up machine guns about instantly, averaged seven proceedingss in conveying all anti aircraft’s guns into action. ( Mingos12 ) . Obviously the most of import portion of the air war were the plannes so here are a few of them and some material about them. The North American B-25J Mithcell Medium Bomber was named for air power advocate General William Mitchell. The various B-25 served in every portion of the war. adapted for strafing onslaughts by the 396th Bomb Squadron in the cardinal Pacific, B-25s such as this one had 12 forward-firing machine guns and carried 300 lbs of bombs. ( Jablons106 ) . The Douglas A-20G Havoc Attack Bomber was one of the most widely used onslaught planes of the War, the A-20 had a top velocity of 339 miles per hour and carried 2,600 lbs of bombs. It had two turret mounted.50-caliber guns and six forward-firing machine guns. ( Jablons107 ) . The Martin B-26 Marauder Medium Bomber had a top veloc ity of 317 miles per hour. The B-26 was highly fast, but required a extremely skilled pilot to set down it. Armed with 11 machine guns and 4000 lb of bombs, it was powered by two 2,000-hp radial engines and had a maximal scope of 1,100 miles. ( Jablons107 ) . The Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress Heavy Bomber, whose moniker came from its heavy defensive armament, had a 104-foot wingspread, weighed 65,500 lbs, and could transport 17,600 lbs of bombs. The plane was armed with 13 machine guns. ( Jablons108 ) . The Boeing B-29 Superfortress had a 141 pes wingspread and a gross weight of 141000 lbs, made the B-29 the largest operational bomber of the war. Used merely against the Nipponese, it relied on its spread and heavy defensive armament to render it about invulnerable to enemy combatants. In August of 1945, B-29s dropped the firstatomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ( Jablons108 ) . The North American P-51D Mustang had six-wing mounted machine guns, a top velocity of 437 miles per hou r, and odd manoeuvrability, made the P-51 a superb combatant and one of the most celebrated planes of the war. More than 15,000 Mustangs were built. ( Jablons110 ) . The Lockheed P-38 Lightning Fighter was powered by two 1,425-hp liquid cooled engines, the P-38 had a top velocity of 414 miles per hour and carried a 20.mm. cannon and four machine guns in its olfactory organ. Designed as a high-level interceptors, the P-38 shot down more Nipponese planes than any other US fighter. ( Jablons111 ) . The Republic P-47D Thunderbolt was nicknamed the Jug because of its stubby, rounded fuselage, the P-47 was highly agile. Powered by a 2,300-hp radial engine, it had a top velocity of 428 miles per hour and carried eight wing-mounted machine guns. ( Jablons111 ) . The Northrop P-61A Black Widow Night Fighter was made for a crew of three and was designed for dark missions. It got its name from its black pigment and lifelessly armament-four20-mm. cannon, four machine guns and 6,400 lbs of bombs . Its twin roars made it resemble the P-38. ( Jablons111 ) . Written by Adam WWII The Air War name class levelTeachers name day of the month 1. Jblonski, Edward. America In The Air War. Alexandria: Time Life Books, 1982. 2. Mingos, Howard. American Heros Of The War In The Air. New York: Lancian Publishers INC. , 1943. 3.Schaffer, Ronald. Wingss of Judgement. Oxford: New York, 1985.